100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Summary PHI1025F Critical Thinking Exam Study Notes. All content included $8.49
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. University Of Cape Town (UCT)
  4.  
  5. PHI1025F Critical Thinking

Samenvatting

Summary PHI1025F Critical Thinking Exam Study Notes. All content included
 1 keer verkocht
  • Vak
  • PHI1025F Critical Thinking
  • Instelling
  • University Of Cape Town (UCT)

Summary of all content covered in phi1025 (critical thinking) The notes are made from my lecture notes and the info in the provided textbook

Voorbeeld 8 van de 27  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 23 juni 2017
  • 27
  • 2015/2016
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

  • critical thinking
  • philosohy
  • phi1025f

Geschreven voor

  • University of Cape Town (UCT)
  • PHI1025F Critical Thinking
Alle documenten voor dit vak (7)

Verkoper

avatar-seller
byrondevin

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Glossary
Argument
 Claim with reasons/evidence supporting it
 The relationship between a claim and the reason/evidence
 Claim= conclusion
 Reason/evidence= premise

Deductive argument
 Premises successfully prove the conclusion

Inductive Argument
 Premises give reasons to believe the conclusion is likely to be true
 Therefore never valid even though it can be very strong

Statement
 Doesn’t defend/convince/motivate
 Unsupported claim not supported by premises
 Is true, false, or unknown

Rhetorical question
 Often a statement
 Disguised as a question

Premises
 Reasons backing up an argument

Assumption of bi-valence
 Every statement is either true or false, weather we know it or not

Command
 An instruction

Fallacy
 Bad/problematic way of reasoning

Explanation
 Not an argument
 Doesn’t try to convince the reader a claim/conclusion is true
 Casual story

Normative Claim
 Explaining what ought to happen
 Without a normative claim, a normative conclusion is impossible

Normative conclusion
 Explains what should happen
 Often appeals to morals

,Relativism
 Accepting all arguments/opinions as true
 A load of shit
o Philosophers don’t believe

Valid
 Conclusion is always true as long as the premises are true

Sound
 Must be valid
 Must have true premises
 Conclusion always true
o If the premises of a valid argument are true the conclusion must be
true

Sufficient condition
 X will result in y
 Y can still happen with D or F

Necessary condition
 Without X, Y cannot happen
 X does not guarantee Y, but is needed

Eliminate Syllogism
 Either X or Y
 Not X
 Therefor Y

Or
 Inclusive
 Either P or Q
o Can be P
o Can be Q
o Can be both
Categorical syllogism
 Valid
o All/some X are Y
o All Y are Z
o Therefore, all/some X are Z
o Either use all for both, or some for both
 Invalid
o All X are Y
o All Y are Z
o Therefore, some X are Z

Formal Fallacy
 See it’s a fallacy by looking at the form
 Has an invalid argument form

,Argument
A conclusion with premise(es) justifying it


Deduction and Induction
Deductive argument
 Premises successfully prove the conclusion

Inductive Argument
 Premises give reasons to believe the conclusion is likely to be true
 Therefore never valid even though it can be very strong



Finding an argument
 Find conclusion
 Find premises
 Use indicators
o Words/phrases typically before/after a premise/conclusion

,Obstacles to critical thinking
Bias
 Personal Bias
o Matches your beliefs
 Liverpool are better than united
o Holds beliefs which will benefit you
 People in my profession should be paid more
o Overestimate your own abilities
 Cultural Bias
o Favour views that conform to our beliefs

Language and knowledge/ Rhetoric devices
 Random Sentences
o No logical order to the argument
o Can’t assess it because there is no argument to assess
 Vagueness
o More information needed to critically assess what has been said
o Not specific enough
 “new and improved”
 Empty Rhetoric
o Don’t really say anything, just say what people want to hear
o Information missing that would enable us to assess
 “yeas we can”
 Ambiguity
o Can be interpreted in more than one way
 Nothing is brighter than a supernova
A candle is brighter than nothing
Therefore a candle is brighter than a supernova
 Emotive language
o Appealing to the readers emotion
o Not reasoning using the most neutral language



Relativism/Subjectivism
 Accepting all arguments/opinions as true
 A load of shit
o Philosophers don’t believe

,Fallacies
Fallacy of Evidence
 Can be true but doesn’t completely support/justify the argument
 Premises have some bearing on the conclusion, but not the way the
arguer suggests


Fallacy of relevance
 Can be true but doesn’t support/justify the argument
 Premises don’t support the conclusion because they aren’t relevant


Ad hominem Fallacy
 Attack the person saying the argument instead of the argument
o Usually negative
 “don’t believe what Tracy says about global warming. She is
a dope smoking Hippy”
o Can also be positive
 There must be life on mars. Mr. Jones said so and he is a
college professor

Attacking the Motive
 Inverse of hominem fallacy
 If somebody has a motive to support X, therefore anything he says
supporting X is false
 Just because you have a motive to believe something doesn’t mean you
are wrong
 Once again not looking at the actual argument
 Motive should raise suspicion but doesn’t on its own disprove an
argument. Cause someone to suspend judgment until evidence supporting

Look Who’s Talking
 Premises 1. John says you should stop smoking because it is bad
 Premises 2. John Smokes. Not practicing what he preaches
 Conclusion. John’s claims about smoking are false
 Just because you are a hypocrite doesn’t mean you are wrong

,Two wrongs make a right fallacy
 Structure
o Premise: X is wrong
o Premise: But Y is wrong too or even worse
o Conclusion: Therefore X is really okay
 X can still be wrong as well even if to a lesser extent
 Being a lesser evil doesn’t make it a virtue
 Is it a fallacy if your wrong is preventing a worse wrong?

Scare Tactics
 Threat unrelated to the outcome
o Voting for the ANC is voting for the end of South Africa


Appeal to pity
 Some aspect of your argument appealing to emotions
 A fallacy if you only appealing to pity

Bandwagon Fallacy
 Jumping on the bandwagon
 It is a good argument if the people have had relevant experience
o All eaten at a restaurant and say its good

Straw Man fallacy
 Misrepresents a claim to make it look silly
 Makes a caricature of the argument
 Exaggerate one side completely
 Pick up on one part of an argument and running with it


Red herring Fallacy
 Irrelevant claim
 Aimed to distract from conclusion
 Also used in detective novels
o False clues
 We should ban alcohol consumption
o Very bad for children
o Irrelevant because of the age limit

,Zeno’s Paradox
Achilles and the tortoise
 Read through

The arrow
 Read through

, Deductive Arguments
Deductive argument
 Premises successfully prove the conclusion
 Either valid or sound
o Valid
 Conclusion is always true as long as the premises are true
o Sound
 Must be valid
 Must have true premises
 Conclusion always true
 If the premises of a valid argument are true the
conclusion must be true because it is valid


Valid Deductive Argument Forms
Modus Ponens
 If P, then Q
 P
 Therefore Q

Modus Tollens
 If P, then Q
 Not Q
 Therefore not P

Syllogisms
 3 lines
 First 2 lines = premises
 Third line = conclusion

Categorical syllogism
 At least one premise states something about a category
 Form
o All x are y
o Some y are z
o Therefore, some x are z

Eliminative Syllogism
 Argument of elimination
 Form
o Either x or y
o Not x
o Therefore y
 Not the other way around
o OR IS INCLUSIVE

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper byrondevin. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor $8.49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 64670 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen

Laatst bekeken door jou

Samenvatting ·

(0)

Lesvoorbereiding 1 psychosociale begeleiding en empowerment

Samenvatting ·

(0)

Samenvatting Markten en prijzen - 1e bachelor HIR - eerste zit

Samenvatting ·

(0)

Samenvatting Marktonderzoek in de Prakrijk Frank Van Durme

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

IICRC CCT Study Guide Complete Questions & Answers(RATED A)

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

ati Capstone test bank_Latest Fall 2021- complete solution guide.

Voordeelbundel ·

(0)

Periode 3 - samenvattingen | Global Marketing & Sales - jaar 1

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

NHA CBCS CERTIFICATION EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

NUR 2092 Neurological Study Guide All Answered Correctly) Updated

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

MIS 589 Week 8 Final Exam with ALL the Answers 100% CORRECT

$8.49  1x  verkocht
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd