Summary News and Journalism (NaJ) in English (Schudson Chapters and add. Articles for Exam), 2022
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Course
Nieuws en journalistiek (S_NJ)
Institution
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Book
The Sociology of News
All chapters and articles covered from Week 1 - 7 for the final News and Journalism Exam (there is no week 6 due to an excursion, but still all material is covered in the other weeks). Definitions explained, articles and knowledge clips summarized, historical development of journalism explained in ...
Samenvatting Sociology Of News, ISBN: 9780393912876 News and Journalism/ Nieuws En Journalistiek (NJ)
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Written for
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Communicatiewetenschap
Nieuws en journalistiek (S_NJ)
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News and Journalism final exam
Week 1
Chapter 9
Changing news consumption
- Demographic change
- Cultural decline
- Technology (instant feedback changes the whole concept of journalism)
- Declining appetite for serious news, especially in younger generations
Intensive reading = reading text over and over again, assuming others are familiar with It. Reading
for e.g. spiritual well-being (bible), memorizing
Extensive reading = glancing over it not so many times, reading for enjoyment
Different realities created due to different exposure for insiders (e.g. faculties)
Reasons for missing news: enjoyment, ritual, structure, social interaction, emotional factors
Week 2
Hallin and Manicni
- Development of media markets (high or low circulation) – more ( elite, quality, horizontal),
less (mass media, quantity, vertical)
- Political parallelism (ties to organisations, church, institutions etc.) -> party press parallelism ,
tendency to be politically active, addressing particular audience
- Journalistic professionalization (not education but 1) autonomy and freedom of press 2)
professional norms like protecting sources, strong public service orientation, watchdog
journalism)
- State intervention (high or low) – e.g. subsidies or law-regulating
3 models
- Democratic corporist: high circulation, ties to parties, high state intervention (protecting
freedom of press) but also high autonomy
- Mediterranean/ Polarized pluralist: low circulation, ties to parties, state intervention, low
autonomy right
- Liberal: medium circulation, no ties to parties, low state intervention (market-dominated),
high journalistic professionalism
Knowledge Clip 3:
Comparative analysis
1) Elements
2) Clarify concept and subcriteria
, 3) First object
4) Second object
5) comparison
Importance of comparing these subjects: examining why the press is as it is and why objectivity
varies
Commercial context and economic value of the news:
1) Symbolic value when used
2) Value doesn’t decrease when shared
3) Material value in print
Economic value
1) Non-competitive goods, you can’t run out of information
2) First copy costs: costs of first copy are highest, investing by collecting information and
making coherent story, later cost of producing is much lower
3) News products are almost always duo/ duality of products: broad audience and enticing for
advertisers
4) Not only information, but also experience is valuable
The development of free newspapers:
- Duality doesn’t disappear for non-free newspapers, because advertiser is only interested in a
certain audience (power elite)
- Free newspapers created possibilities to scan, snack, check news before digitalization (e.g in
metro)
- Free newspapers did not need to collect own recourses, information is already available,
independent of its carrier, to save costs by not collecting information
Week 2 continued
Historical development of journalism
Early 18th century – united colonial era: newspapers advertising themselves, development of
entertainment in news
Around 1775: conflicts with the UK (loyalists against patriots), pressure from factions onto media,
developing stronger ties to parties
1791: 1st amendment (protection of autonomy and freedom of the press)
1833-1835: penny papers: cheap way of producing news, more advertising, still attachment to
parties, investing in technology to promote mass printing
2nd half of 19th century: ties to parties loosened up, journalists developed their own culture and
autonomy, parajournalism emerges, objectivism as ideology
1960s: watergate, Vietnam-war, civil rights era -> trust in politics decreased and journalists
developed their own autonomy, watchdog-journalism, media as the 4 th state
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