Deze samenvatting heb ik zelf gemaakt en er staat echt alles in! Je kan mij altijd een berichtje sturen en dan stuur ik nog extra documenten door zoals bv; de werking van de hersenkaart, extra afbeeldingen met uitleg, mindmaps per hoofdstuk,...
2.1 Ontstaan van het leven ................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 De cel als morfologische en functionele eenheid van leven ........................................................................... 10
2.5 Evolutie als basis van eenheid in diversiteit .................................................................................................... 11
2.6 Organisatie van een eukaryote cel .................................................................................................................. 11
2.7 Structuur en functie van de celmembraan ..................................................................................................... 12
2.8 Celmetabolisme .............................................................................................................................................. 12
2.10 Prikkelbaarheid en reactievermogen van cellen ........................................................................................... 13
2.11 Evolutie van metazoa of meercelligen naar dieren met een zenuwstelsel ................................................... 13
3.1 Neuronen (zenuwcel) ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1 De celstructuur ......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1.1 Cellichaam of soma ........................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1.2 Dendrieten ........................................................................................................................................ 15
3.1.1.3 Axon .................................................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.2 Synaps ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.3 Celmembraan ........................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.4 Neuronaal cytoskelet ............................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.5 Axonaal transport..................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.6 Energieverbruik in de zenuwcel ............................................................................................................... 18
3.1.7 Indeling van de neuronen ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.1.7.1 Morfologische indeling of indeling op basis van vorm ...................................................................... 18
3.1.7.2 Functionele indeling of indeling op basis van functie ....................................................................... 18
3.1.8 Structurele en functionele componenten van het neuron ...................................................................... 19
3.1.9 Richting van het signaal............................................................................................................................ 20
3.2 Neuroglia of gliacellen (steuncellen) ............................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Interactie tussen de cel & haar omgeving ....................................................................................................... 22
4.1.1 Signaaltransductie .................................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.2 De celmembraan als scheidingswand tussen het intra-en extracellulaire milieu .................................... 22
4.1.3 Transmembraankanalen .......................................................................................................................... 22
Passief transport ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Actief transport ............................................................................................................................................. 23
enzymatische pomp ...................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.4 Ionenkanalen ............................................................................................................................................ 24
4.1.5 Concentratie-en potentiaalgradiënt ........................................................................................................ 24
4.2 Rustpotentiaal ................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.3 Neuronale actiepotentiaal of zenuwimpuls: de veranderlijke permeabiliteit van de celmembraan als basis
voor de werking van prikkelbare cellen ................................................................................................................ 25
2
, 4.3.1 Actiepotentiaal ......................................................................................................................................... 25
4.3.2 Fasen binnen de actiepotentiaal .............................................................................................................. 26
4.4 Eigenschappen van de zenuwimpuls............................................................................................................... 27
4.4.1 Alles-of-niets-wet ..................................................................................................................................... 27
4.4.2 De refractaire periode .............................................................................................................................. 27
4.4.3 Codificatie van de stimulusparameters: duur & intensiteit ..................................................................... 27
4.5 Voortgeleiding van het zenuwimpuls .............................................................................................................. 28
4.5.1 Voortgeleiding van de actiepotentiaal door lokale kringstroompjes ....................................................... 28
Het mechanisme van de voorgeleiding ......................................................................................................... 28
De geleidingssnelheid ................................................................................................................................... 28
inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................. 29
5.1 Synaptische organisatie .................................................................................................................................. 29
5.2 De synaptische activiteit ................................................................................................................................. 30
5.3 Postsynaptisch potentiaal ............................................................................................................................... 31
5.4 Kenmerken van de postsynaptische potentiaal (verschil actie potentiaal) .................................................... 31
5.5 Beëindiging van de neurotransmissie ............................................................................................................. 34
5.6 neurotransmitters ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Acetylcholine ................................................................................................................................................. 35
Dopamine ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Serotonine ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
5.9 Niveaus van cellulaire integratie: van presynaptische naar postsynaptische signaalgeleiding ...................... 36
inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Prikkelbaarheidsgevoeligheid ....................................................................................................................... 38
6.7 Moleculaire basis van gen- omgevingsinteracties in de hersenen: nature - nurture...................................... 41
6.8 kwetsbaarheid ................................................................................................................................................. 41
7.1 noodzaak van leren tijdens het leven ............................................................................................................. 43
7.2 ontwikkelingsprocessen tijdens de pre- en postnatale................................................................................... 44
7.3 verschillende stadia en processen in de hersenontwikkeling ......................................................................... 44
7.3.1 Celgroei of celproliferatie ......................................................................................................................... 45
7.3.2 Celmigratie ............................................................................................................................................... 45
7.3.3 Doelbestemming en celdifferentiatie ...................................................................................................... 45
7.3.4 synaptogenese ......................................................................................................................................... 45
7.3.5 overproductie en regressieve perioden van apoptose en pruning .......................................................... 46
7.3.6 Myelinisatie .............................................................................................................................................. 47
7.4 Endogene ervaringsonafhankelijke ontwikkeling ........................................................................................... 47
7.5 Exogene invloed van ervaring en sensitieve perioden .................................................................................... 48
7.5.1 Ervaringsverwachte ontwikkeling (experience-expectant) ...................................................................... 48
3
, 7.5.2 Ervaringsafhankelijke ontwikkeling (experience-dependent) .................................................................. 48
7.6 Ons kwetsbare brein: de keerzijde van de medaille ....................................................................................... 49
spiegelneuronen ................................................................................................................................................... 50
8.1 van neuron naar neurale circuits .................................................................................................................... 51
8.2 Evolutie van neurale netwerken en de hersenen ........................................................................................... 52
8.3 Van gesloten naar open neurale gedragsprogramma’s .................................................................................. 53
9.2 Neurulatie ....................................................................................................................................................... 54
9.3 Ontwikkeling van de neurale buis tot achter-, midden- en voorhersenen ..................................................... 54
1. Hersenbeeldvorming ......................................................................................................................................... 56
1.1 Röntgen-scan: X – scan................................................................................................................................ 56
1.2 Computerondersteunende Tomografie: CT- hersenscan --> STRuctuur hersenen ..................................... 56
1.3 Magnetische resonantiebeeldvorming: MRI - hersenscan --> structuur hersenen .................................... 56
1.4 Single-Photon - emission computed tomography: SPECT - hersenscan --> functie hersenen .................... 57
1.5 Positron- emissie tomografie: PET-hersenscan --> functie hersenen ......................................................... 57
1.6 Functionele MRI: FMRI - hersenen --> BOUW EN functie hersenen ........................................................... 57
1.7 Diffusiegewogen MRI: DWI - hersenscanDiffusion ..................................................................................... 57
inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
10.1 indeling van het zenuwstelsel ....................................................................................................................... 58
10.2 Topografie van de hersenen ......................................................................................................................... 59
10.3 Systematische neuroanatomie...................................................................................................................... 60
10.3.1 Myelencephalon ..................................................................................................................................... 60
10.3.2 Metencephalon ...................................................................................................................................... 60
10.3.3 Mesencephalon ...................................................................................................................................... 61
10.3.4 diencephalon .......................................................................................................................................... 61
10.3.5 Telencephalon ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................. 64
11.1 Corticalisatie: de cortex kent een bijzondere evolutionaire ontwikkeling .................................................... 64
11.2 Gyrificatie: de menselijke neocortex heeft een sterk geplooide structuur .................................................. 65
11.2.1 Primaire hersengroeven ......................................................................................................................... 66
11.2.2 Secundaire hersengroeven..................................................................................................................... 66
11.3 Neocorticale laminaire structuur en schorsvelden ....................................................................................... 66
11.4 Functionele hiërarchische opdeling van de cortex!!!! .................................................................................. 67
11.4.1 Modaliteitsspecifieke unimodale primaire projectiegebieden .............................................................. 69
11.4.2 Modaliteitsspecifieke unimodale secundaire associatiegebieden ......................................................... 71
11.4.3 Modaliteitsaspecifieke multimodale tertiaire associatiegebieden ........................................................ 72
11.5 Cerebrale connecties..................................................................................................................................... 74
11.5.1 Projectievezels ....................................................................................................................................... 74
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller fleurhermans72. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.40. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
