Deze samenvatting heb ik zelf gemaakt en er staat echt alles in! Je kan mij altijd een berichtje sturen en dan stuur ik nog extra documenten door zoals bv; de werking van de hersenkaart, extra afbeeldingen met uitleg, mindmaps per hoofdstuk,...
2.1 Ontstaan van het leven ................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 De cel als morfologische en functionele eenheid van leven ........................................................................... 10
2.5 Evolutie als basis van eenheid in diversiteit .................................................................................................... 11
2.6 Organisatie van een eukaryote cel .................................................................................................................. 11
2.7 Structuur en functie van de celmembraan ..................................................................................................... 12
2.8 Celmetabolisme .............................................................................................................................................. 12
2.10 Prikkelbaarheid en reactievermogen van cellen ........................................................................................... 13
2.11 Evolutie van metazoa of meercelligen naar dieren met een zenuwstelsel ................................................... 13
3.1 Neuronen (zenuwcel) ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1 De celstructuur ......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1.1 Cellichaam of soma ........................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1.2 Dendrieten ........................................................................................................................................ 15
3.1.1.3 Axon .................................................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.2 Synaps ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.3 Celmembraan ........................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.4 Neuronaal cytoskelet ............................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.5 Axonaal transport..................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.6 Energieverbruik in de zenuwcel ............................................................................................................... 18
3.1.7 Indeling van de neuronen ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.1.7.1 Morfologische indeling of indeling op basis van vorm ...................................................................... 18
3.1.7.2 Functionele indeling of indeling op basis van functie ....................................................................... 18
3.1.8 Structurele en functionele componenten van het neuron ...................................................................... 19
3.1.9 Richting van het signaal............................................................................................................................ 20
3.2 Neuroglia of gliacellen (steuncellen) ............................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Interactie tussen de cel & haar omgeving ....................................................................................................... 22
4.1.1 Signaaltransductie .................................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.2 De celmembraan als scheidingswand tussen het intra-en extracellulaire milieu .................................... 22
4.1.3 Transmembraankanalen .......................................................................................................................... 22
Passief transport ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Actief transport ............................................................................................................................................. 23
enzymatische pomp ...................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.4 Ionenkanalen ............................................................................................................................................ 24
4.1.5 Concentratie-en potentiaalgradiënt ........................................................................................................ 24
4.2 Rustpotentiaal ................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.3 Neuronale actiepotentiaal of zenuwimpuls: de veranderlijke permeabiliteit van de celmembraan als basis
voor de werking van prikkelbare cellen ................................................................................................................ 25
2
, 4.3.1 Actiepotentiaal ......................................................................................................................................... 25
4.3.2 Fasen binnen de actiepotentiaal .............................................................................................................. 26
4.4 Eigenschappen van de zenuwimpuls............................................................................................................... 27
4.4.1 Alles-of-niets-wet ..................................................................................................................................... 27
4.4.2 De refractaire periode .............................................................................................................................. 27
4.4.3 Codificatie van de stimulusparameters: duur & intensiteit ..................................................................... 27
4.5 Voortgeleiding van het zenuwimpuls .............................................................................................................. 28
4.5.1 Voortgeleiding van de actiepotentiaal door lokale kringstroompjes ....................................................... 28
Het mechanisme van de voorgeleiding ......................................................................................................... 28
De geleidingssnelheid ................................................................................................................................... 28
inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................. 29
5.1 Synaptische organisatie .................................................................................................................................. 29
5.2 De synaptische activiteit ................................................................................................................................. 30
5.3 Postsynaptisch potentiaal ............................................................................................................................... 31
5.4 Kenmerken van de postsynaptische potentiaal (verschil actie potentiaal) .................................................... 31
5.5 Beëindiging van de neurotransmissie ............................................................................................................. 34
5.6 neurotransmitters ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Acetylcholine ................................................................................................................................................. 35
Dopamine ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Serotonine ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
5.9 Niveaus van cellulaire integratie: van presynaptische naar postsynaptische signaalgeleiding ...................... 36
inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Prikkelbaarheidsgevoeligheid ....................................................................................................................... 38
6.7 Moleculaire basis van gen- omgevingsinteracties in de hersenen: nature - nurture...................................... 41
6.8 kwetsbaarheid ................................................................................................................................................. 41
7.1 noodzaak van leren tijdens het leven ............................................................................................................. 43
7.2 ontwikkelingsprocessen tijdens de pre- en postnatale................................................................................... 44
7.3 verschillende stadia en processen in de hersenontwikkeling ......................................................................... 44
7.3.1 Celgroei of celproliferatie ......................................................................................................................... 45
7.3.2 Celmigratie ............................................................................................................................................... 45
7.3.3 Doelbestemming en celdifferentiatie ...................................................................................................... 45
7.3.4 synaptogenese ......................................................................................................................................... 45
7.3.5 overproductie en regressieve perioden van apoptose en pruning .......................................................... 46
7.3.6 Myelinisatie .............................................................................................................................................. 47
7.4 Endogene ervaringsonafhankelijke ontwikkeling ........................................................................................... 47
7.5 Exogene invloed van ervaring en sensitieve perioden .................................................................................... 48
7.5.1 Ervaringsverwachte ontwikkeling (experience-expectant) ...................................................................... 48
3
, 7.5.2 Ervaringsafhankelijke ontwikkeling (experience-dependent) .................................................................. 48
7.6 Ons kwetsbare brein: de keerzijde van de medaille ....................................................................................... 49
spiegelneuronen ................................................................................................................................................... 50
8.1 van neuron naar neurale circuits .................................................................................................................... 51
8.2 Evolutie van neurale netwerken en de hersenen ........................................................................................... 52
8.3 Van gesloten naar open neurale gedragsprogramma’s .................................................................................. 53
9.2 Neurulatie ....................................................................................................................................................... 54
9.3 Ontwikkeling van de neurale buis tot achter-, midden- en voorhersenen ..................................................... 54
1. Hersenbeeldvorming ......................................................................................................................................... 56
1.1 Röntgen-scan: X – scan................................................................................................................................ 56
1.2 Computerondersteunende Tomografie: CT- hersenscan --> STRuctuur hersenen ..................................... 56
1.3 Magnetische resonantiebeeldvorming: MRI - hersenscan --> structuur hersenen .................................... 56
1.4 Single-Photon - emission computed tomography: SPECT - hersenscan --> functie hersenen .................... 57
1.5 Positron- emissie tomografie: PET-hersenscan --> functie hersenen ......................................................... 57
1.6 Functionele MRI: FMRI - hersenen --> BOUW EN functie hersenen ........................................................... 57
1.7 Diffusiegewogen MRI: DWI - hersenscanDiffusion ..................................................................................... 57
inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
10.1 indeling van het zenuwstelsel ....................................................................................................................... 58
10.2 Topografie van de hersenen ......................................................................................................................... 59
10.3 Systematische neuroanatomie...................................................................................................................... 60
10.3.1 Myelencephalon ..................................................................................................................................... 60
10.3.2 Metencephalon ...................................................................................................................................... 60
10.3.3 Mesencephalon ...................................................................................................................................... 61
10.3.4 diencephalon .......................................................................................................................................... 61
10.3.5 Telencephalon ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................. 64
11.1 Corticalisatie: de cortex kent een bijzondere evolutionaire ontwikkeling .................................................... 64
11.2 Gyrificatie: de menselijke neocortex heeft een sterk geplooide structuur .................................................. 65
11.2.1 Primaire hersengroeven ......................................................................................................................... 66
11.2.2 Secundaire hersengroeven..................................................................................................................... 66
11.3 Neocorticale laminaire structuur en schorsvelden ....................................................................................... 66
11.4 Functionele hiërarchische opdeling van de cortex!!!! .................................................................................. 67
11.4.1 Modaliteitsspecifieke unimodale primaire projectiegebieden .............................................................. 69
11.4.2 Modaliteitsspecifieke unimodale secundaire associatiegebieden ......................................................... 71
11.4.3 Modaliteitsaspecifieke multimodale tertiaire associatiegebieden ........................................................ 72
11.5 Cerebrale connecties..................................................................................................................................... 74
11.5.1 Projectievezels ....................................................................................................................................... 74
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