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Unit 11 D3 and M3
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Malcolm Lukwago BisasoS1202433
11.6 M5
Macrophages
Once the body gets infected (inflammation) the body call up the
macrophages. Macrophages are in charge of detecting,
swallowing and destroying pathogens. Once the macrophages
reaches the foreign organism the macrophage engulf the
organism once in the enzymes within the cell break down the
organism and presents a smaller protein to the lymphocytes.
Another function of the macrophages of warning the immune
system about the foreign organism, The lymphocytes is
programmed to remember antigens and the helper T cells make the B-cells make antibodies so when
is infects the body again the body is ready for it hence flu jabs.
Formation of lymph
Lymph is formed when liquid plasma and amino acids are
leaked out of the blood capillaries this fluid is that taken
up by lymph vessel or capillaries. Water and other solutes
can pass between the tissue fluid and the blood via
diffusion across the space of the capillary walls which are
called intercellular clefts, this means that there is an
equilibrium between the blood and the tissue fluid As
blood flows through the capillaries some plasma passes in the tissues continually add and
remove substances from the interstitial fluid such as amino acids, fatty acids, sodium ions, etc.
the lymph fluid also contains T and B lymphocytes which are need in the body to kill/disarm
foreign organisms
Defensive role of lymphatic system
The lymphatic system also plays an important role in protecting the body by using defensive
network against pathogens. Barriers to enter the body can be via the skin and mucous
membranes. Once in the invader enters the body antibodies produced and released by the
spleen into the blood steam to the invader. The antibody bind to the antigen on the invader and
kill or deactivate it in many ways. Different lymphatic organs, all with specialised functions, that
work all together for this purpose.
Filtering lymph
White blood cells attack any bacteria or viruses they find in the lymph. The lymph nodes filter or
traps foreign particle, once trap B cell and T cell come to eliminate the foreign organism hence
painful swelling of the neck, armpit, groin or tonsils.
Lymphocytes
The role of B lymphocytes is an immune surveillance as it produces
antibodies from an antigen for total annihilation (this is done by the T
lymphocytes). After making antibodies for the foreign organism memory B-
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