Aantekeningen Van Perceptie tot Bewustzijn 2023/2024, deeltentamen 1 zintuigsystemen, UvA - Psychobiologie - 2023
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Course
Van Perceptie tot Bewustzijn (5102PETB6Y)
Institution
Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
In dit document staan uitgebreide aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges van 'Van Perceptie tot Bewustzijn'. Dit is het document voor deeltentamen 1 over de zintuigsystemen. Je moet wel de zelfstudie van Canvas zelf nog doen. Dit zijn alleen aantekeningen van de colleges. De voorbereiding op hoorcollege...
College 1 t/m 8 (deeltentamen 1, sensorische systemen)
Subjects
sensorische systemen
visuele systeem
reuk
smaak
retina
auditief systeem
psychobiologie
somatosensorisch
zintuigsystemen
olfactorisch systeem
gustatoir systeem
van perceptie tot bewustzijn
uva
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Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)
Psychobiologie
Van Perceptie tot Bewustzijn (5102PETB6Y)
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Hoorcollege 1: Introductie (06-09) .......................................................................................................... 4
Inleiding: gewaarwording en waarneming .......................................................................................... 4
Sensorische systemen...................................................................................................................... 4
Verwerking van sensorische informatie in sensorische systemen ...................................................... 4
Verwerking....................................................................................................................................... 5
Is alles wat je waarneemt ook waar? .................................................................................................. 6
Informatieverwerking in het brein ...................................................................................................... 6
Integratie ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Neurale circuits ................................................................................................................................ 7
Codering van informatie ...................................................................................................................... 8
Hoe kun je perceptie bestuderen en meten? ...................................................................................... 9
Drempelbepaling ........................................................................................................................... 10
Signaaldetectietheorie .................................................................................................................. 10
Hoorcollege 2: Reuk- en smaakzin (07-09) ............................................................................................ 11
Gebruikte afkortingen: ...................................................................................................................... 11
Leerdoelen ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Olfaction ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Eigenschappen van de stimulus: ................................................................................................... 11
Olfactory receptoren (OR’s) ............................................................................................................... 12
Olfactory receptorcellen .................................................................................................................... 12
Receptorexpressie ......................................................................................................................... 13
Signaaltransductie in cilia van ORC’s ............................................................................................. 14
Adaptatie in receptorcellen ........................................................................................................... 14
Olfactorische gevoeligheid ............................................................................................................ 14
Ruimte ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Bulbus olfactorius .......................................................................................................................... 16
Tijd ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Phase Space ................................................................................................................................... 17
Cortex ................................................................................................................................................ 20
Percepties .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Hoorcollege 3: Somatosensorisch systeem (08-09)............................................................................... 21
Voorbereiding hoorcollege ................................................................................................................ 21
De prikkel ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Sensorische receptorcellen (H9 Purves) ........................................................................................ 21
, Waarnemen van objecten ................................................................................................................. 22
Transductie ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Transmissie ........................................................................................................................................ 23
Zenuwbanen en relay stations....................................................................................................... 23
Dermatomen ................................................................................................................................. 23
Codering ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Perceptie............................................................................................................................................ 26
Codering van locatie .......................................................................................................................... 27
Organisatie van de cortex .................................................................................................................. 27
Hoorcollege 4: Auditief systeem (12-09) ............................................................................................... 29
Identificatie van de geluidsbron ........................................................................................................ 29
Prikkel of stimulus ......................................................................................................................... 29
Sensorische receptorcellen ........................................................................................................... 29
Transductie .................................................................................................................................... 30
Transmissie .................................................................................................................................... 33
Lokalisatie van het geluid .................................................................................................................. 34
Perceptie........................................................................................................................................ 34
Overzicht............................................................................................................................................ 37
Hoorcollege 5: Retina (13-09) ................................................................................................................ 38
Prikkel of stimulus ............................................................................................................................. 38
Sensorische receptorcellen ............................................................................................................... 38
Organisatie retinale netwerk ......................................................................................................... 38
Fotoreceptoren .............................................................................................................................. 38
Transductie ........................................................................................................................................ 40
Transductie in staafjes ................................................................................................................... 40
Transductie in kegeltjes ................................................................................................................. 40
Netwerk in de retina ...................................................................................................................... 41
Transmissie en perceptie ................................................................................................................... 45
Hoorcollege 6: Van Retina naar V1 (15-09) ........................................................................................... 46
Organisatorische regels van visuele waarneming ............................................................................. 46
Similarity ........................................................................................................................................ 46
Proximity........................................................................................................................................ 46
Good continuation ......................................................................................................................... 46
Contour sallency ............................................................................................................................ 46
Cruciale visuele paden....................................................................................................................... 46
Functionele eigenschappen en architectuur van de LGN .................................................................. 49
, Primaire visuele cortex (gebied V1): retinotopie............................................................................... 51
Functionele eigenschappen en architectuur van V1 ......................................................................... 52
Kenmerken verschillende stripes in V2: ............................................................................................ 56
Samenvatting ..................................................................................................................................... 56
Hoorcollege 7: Van V1 naar Extrastriate Cortex (15-09)........................................................................ 57
Oriëntatie detectie en contour detectie ............................................................................................ 57
Complexe en hypercomplexe cellen in V1 ..................................................................................... 57
Laterale connecties binnen een laag (V1) ..................................................................................... 58
Perceptie van diepte .......................................................................................................................... 59
Het detecteren van grenzen van objecten ........................................................................................ 59
Border ownership cellen in V2 ...................................................................................................... 59
Het detecteren en analyseren van beweging .................................................................................... 60
In V1............................................................................................................................................... 60
In V1 en MT ................................................................................................................................... 62
Kleur en helderheid ........................................................................................................................... 63
Retina (herhaling) .......................................................................................................................... 63
De retina en verder........................................................................................................................ 63
Samenvatting ..................................................................................................................................... 64
Hoorcollege 8: Dorsale en Ventrale paden & Object- en Gezichtsherkenning (19-09) ......................... 66
Doelen van high-level visuele verwerking ......................................................................................... 66
Architectuur van het ventrale pad en laesiestudies .......................................................................... 66
Speciale objecten: gezichtsherkenning ............................................................................................. 67
Functionele problemen voor objectherkenning ................................................................................ 68
Perceptual constancy (‘image linking’) .......................................................................................... 68
Categorische perceptie (‘categorical linking’) ............................................................................... 69
Schade aan het dorsale pad (pariëtaalkwab) ................................................................................ 69
De sensorische systemen vangen stimuli uit de
buitenwereld op en brengen ze naar het centrale
zenuwstelsel.
Dit gaat in 2 gedeeltes:
- Gewaarwording (sensation): informatie uit de
omgeving verkrijgen d.m.v. perifere
sensorische systemen (zintuigen)
- Waarneming (perception): gebruiken en interpreteren van de info d.m.v. (centrale) processen
in het brein
Dit werkt in een gradiënt. Het zijn niet per se 2 losse onderdelen.
Verwerking van sensorische informatie in sensorische systemen
Stappen:
1. Prikkel of stimulus
2. Sensorische receptorcellen
3. Transductie
4. Transmissie: sensorische zenuw vervoert actiepotentiaal naar centrale zenuwstelsel
5. Perceptie: verwerking van gewaarwording tot waarneming in de hersenen
6. Actie
• Stimulus (licht, geluid, geur, etc.)
• Zintuigen met receptorcellen: door deze cellen worden stimuli opgevangen
• Receptorcellen: dit zijn neuronen, verschillende soorten:
o Mechanoreceptoren
o Chemoreceptoren
o Fotoreceptoren
Het zijn gespecialiseerde cellen die de omgeving monitoren op prikkels en deze info
doorgeven naar het CNS
• Transductie in receptorcellen: de receptorcellen in het perifere zenuwstelsel zetten prikkels
om in een elektrochemisch signaal wat boven de drempelwaarde doorgegeven worden
richting het CNS. De receptorcellen hebben namelijk kanalen in het membraan.
• Transmissie: PNS ➔ CNS (perifeer naar centraal): bijvoorbeeld van het oog naar de visuele
cortex.
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