Praxis 5362 (ESOL) exam questions all fully solved.

Clause A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb, but cannot stand by itself. Back Channeling The feedback which a listener gives to a speaker to show that (s)he is following, or understands what the speaker is saying. Convergence when languages come to structurally resemble one another as a result of prolonged language contact and mutual interference Self Repair The process by which a speaker recognizes a speech error and repeats what has been said with some sort of correction. Feedback Helpful information or criticism that is given to someone to say what can be done to improve a performance, product, etc. Levels of ESL Classes 1. Beginner 2. Intermediate 3. High Intermediate 4. Advanced 5. High-Advanced Beginner ESL Class - Simple expressions and vocab - Basic social contact (greetings & farewells) - Indicate time with phrases - Simple Grammar Intermediare ESL Class - Past, present, and future tenses - Interview classmates - Read simple texts - Tell a story or describe something with a simple list of points High Intermediate ESL Class - Continuous intelligible writing - Understanding main points of clear standard speech - Convey abstract and concrete ideas - Express and respond to feelings Advanced ESL Class - Understand standard spoken English, live or broadcast, with unfamiliar and familiar topics - Read with large level of independence - Recognize main idea, predict meaning, summarize wide range of text High-Advanced ESL Class - Effectively express/defend personal opinions in written or spoken language - Vary intonation and place stress correctly - Write clear, well structured texts on complex subjects - Recognize a wide range of idiomatic expressions and colloquialism - Produce clear, smoothly flowing, well-structured speech Comprehensible Input Can be understood by listeners despite them not understanding all the words and structures in it. It is described as one level above that of the learners if it can only just be understood. Natural Order Hypothesis The idea that children learning their first language acquire grammatical structures in a pre-determined order and that some are acquired earlier than others. Krashen Positive Transfer Occurs when a person is learning a second language which is very similar to his or her own. In this case, the closeness of the languages can assist learning and usage in the areas of pronunciation, intonation, sentence structure and lexicon. Self Monitoring A fancy name for a skill you use all the time to keep track what you're doing. It's a series of assessments you make along the way: How is the activity going? What's working and what's not? Should I make adjustments? Instrumental Motivation Refers to a practical or pragmatic reason for language study. Includes passing a language requirement, getting a monetary reward such as an increase in pay grade for language competence, or having a better chance of getting into medical school. Communication Strategy What learners use to overcome problems in order to convey their intended meaning. May include paraphrasing, substitution, coining new words, switching to the first language, and asking for clarification. Code Switching The practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation. Hyper Correction In sociolinguistics, hypercorrection is non-standard use of language that results from the over-application of a perceived rule of language-usage prescription. Ex. 'between you and I' for the standard 'between you and me.' Extralinguistic Context The physical and social setting in which you encounter sentences. Outside the realm of linguistics. L1 first language Assimilation A process of sound change in which a sound becomes similar to another sound in its immediate environment Acculturation Theory proposed by John Schumann to describe the acquisition process of a second language through learning a new culture. Accomidation The process by which participants in a conversation adjust their accent, diction, or other aspects of language according to the speech style of the other participant Encapsulation The succinct expression or depiction of the essential features of something Objective Unbiased; Factual Subjective Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions Holisitc Concerning the whole rather than the parts Portfolio A collection of artifacts that demonstrates progress and growth over a period of time Compound Sentence A sentence with more than one subject or predicate. Complex Sentence A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause Process Writing Focuses learners on the different stages and aspects of writing as they have been observed in good writers, and spend time on each, led by the teacher. These are; planning, drafting, revising, editing and considering the audience. Stress Pattern The way all the syllables are stressed in a word. Two Way Immersion An educational program that provides instruction in English and a second language Subtractive Bilingualism The acquisition of a second language that replaces the native language