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Agency theory (Milgram) STRENGTH WEAKNESS 8 Marker planPARAGRAPH 1: STRENGTH
Obedience is need to have a smooth Supporting evidence Opposing the evidence Milgram’s
AO1: People have two mindset , autonomous and agentic
running society. Social groups need Milgram's study- 65% of people obey study lacks validity
an authority figure (explain the mindsets)
some people to be
People experienced moral strain It doesn't explain why some obey an AO3: Supporting evidence- milgram’s study 65% shocked
obedient, to allow groups to carry
authority figure but some don't the learner at 450 volts
out their function successfully.We
His “variations” support the idea that
are all born with the potential to be
situational factors make participants Gina perry argues that it lacked PARAGRAPH 2: WEAKNESS
obedience, which interact with the more or less obedience, especially internal validity as some people AO1: Agency Theory is the idea of moral strain, which is
influences of society when they relate to the perceived questioned if the shock was real. supposed to go away when people enter an Agentic State.
authority of the experimenter. On the Across all his variation 60%
AO3: Milgram observed distress in the participants who
We have two mindsets other hand, dispositional factors (like disobeyed the experimenter
empathy or gender) don’t seem to obeyed (like crying and shaking), not the ones who
make much difference at all. Other explanation disobeyed, which goes against the theory.
Autonomous: People who behave
independently and take responsibility Social impact theory - other pressures
Later studies (like Burger, 2009) that make a person obey besides the PARAGRAPH 3:WEAKNESS
for their own action
have tended to back up Milgram’s authority figure’s status. AO1: Social impact theory is a better explanation which
conclusions. All around the world, Sedikides and Jacobson suggests lots of other pressures that make a person obey
Agentic: People who follow orders obedience is high, even when besides the authority figure’s status.
and believe they hold no authority figures give orders that are Moral strain
AO3: Agency Theory says obeying is automatic but Social
responsibility, it belongs to the leader distressing and immoral. In Milgram’s observational studies,
moral strain was shown by the Impact says it depends on whether the authority figures
Practical application participants who obeyed (weeping, outnumber the followers.
Agentic shift: We change from an
autonomous state to an agentic state Pilot training to avoid blind obedience groaning, shaking, fainting), not by
by challenging authority the ones who disobeyed. Milgram’s PARAGRAPH 4: STRENGTH
theory suggests that the Agentic State AO1: Agentic shift is when people go from an autonomous
Moral strain: Discomfort is an escape from moral strain, but state to an agentic state
experienced, when action conflict Agency theory can be applied to this is not what is observed in his AO3: Understanding this can have practical application in
morals society to help understand and studies.
training pilots to avoid blind obedience by challenging
explain atrocities such as genocide
(1), for example Mai Lai i massacre in authority
vietnam where Lt. Calley gave the
defence of ‘just following orders’ CONCLUSION:
showing reallife displacement of Some things about Agency Theory are backed up by
responsibility evidence but the idea that people can't help obeying isn't so
credible and Social Impact Theory is a better explanation of
why some disobey.
,Social impact theory SIT ( Latané) 8 Marker plan
STRENGTH WEAKNESS PARAGRAPH 1: STRENGTH
AO1: Lante - SIT theory suggests the amount of influence a
What is social impact theory? person experiences is affected by strength number and
Social impact refers to the effect of people on our Supporting evidence Internal validity of zoo immediacy
behaviour New york zoo study by study AO3: high validity
Sedikides and Field experiment - no Supporting evidence - new york zoo: Number of target(A person
The theory proposes that the amount of influence a who is being influenced) More targets: 14% obeyed
Jackson control over variables
person experiences in a group setting depends on Less targets 60% obeyed. This demonstrates the Divisional effect
Those who went into a
the strength , immediacy and numbers Social impact is reduced if there are more target than sources.
Visitors were asked not bigger group have less
to lean on the railing obedient personalities PARAGRAPH 2: WEAKNESS
Source: A person who influences others Uniform: 58% obeyed AO1: part of the theory is that immediacy affects obedience How
Target: A person who is being influenced Regular clothes: 33% Imediancy may not have close the source(a person who influences others
Social impact ) and target are.
Strength: authority/power eg age or Immediacy Hofling et la AO3: Hofling et la (95% attempted administered the drug)
Same room:61% (95% attempted The source being absent should have reduced the effect but
relationship didn’t
obeyed administered the drug)
Further away: 7% The source being
Immedient: How close the source and target are PARAGRAPH 3: WEAKNESS
obeyed absent should have AO1:
physically and psychologically
reduced the effect but AO3: Agency theory is a better explanation
More targets: 14% didn’t Milgram version 10 showed that prestige setting adds to authority
Number: the number of sources determine the level obeyed figure status which will hard for Lante to give a mathematical
of impact Less targets 60% Agency theory is a figure to. Addition, it doesn’t mention moral stain, suggesting
obeyed better explanation people are either obedience or not
Multiplicative effect Milgram version 10
PARAGRAPH 4: STRENGTH
Increasing number of SIN, increasing the social Applaition showed that prestige
AO1: Lante Mathematical formula 1=f(SIN)
impact Political influence - setting adds to authority AO3: Practical application - formula can be used to predict
persuasive figure status which will obedience, which could be useful for employers who want
language,face to face hard for Lante to give a obedient workers. For example, employers will be able to see if
Divisional effect
with voters and mathematical figure to their strength ( authority the have) will affect the obedience of the
Social impact is reduced if there are more target addressing small group employee
than sources Doesn’t mention moral
Mathematical formula stain, suggesting people CONCLUSION:
Zoo- field experiment
The law of diminishing f(1/SIN) can be useful in are either obedience or
SIT - too simplistic
If there are more than 3 sources, any other sources predicting obedience not
added will have a less social impact
, Factors affecting obedience
Culture
Gender Situation
Individualism and collectivism culture
Women are more obedient Legitimacy Individualism value personal autonomy,self reliance
Sheridan and king: Authority figure clothing (uniform) and prestige and independence - less obedient
Gave orders to participants to shock a puppy setting can affect obedience Collectivist value loyalty to a group - more
100% of women followed orders, whereas 54% of men obedience beauce duty overrides desire
did Proximity
How close you are to the authority figure (SIT) Power distance index (PDI)
Men are more obedient Refers to how likely people are accept to expect a
Kilham and Mann: hierarchy order and inequality in society - high PDI
Replicated Milgram study in Australia. 40% of men Behaviour of other
Exposure to role models who are disobedient = more obedient
obeyed compared to 16% of women
lead to obedience to drop
Moral reason
Gillhan: STRENGTH WEAKNESS
Moral decisions making are different between men and STRENGTH WEAKNESS
women Close relation Most nation have similar
Men use ethic of justice - fairness and detached to avoid between PDI and level of obedience
bias and women is ethic of care Supporting They might be
obedience Blass calculated average
research individual obedience level rate in 8
Men expected to be more more obedient due to feelings Experiment 17 of differences → Australia's scored low
non- US country (66%)
of obligation to authority figure whereas women is less milgram's study (2 personality on PDI (36%) and has
compared to 61% in US
so rebel peers) In milgram study low level of obedience
obedience level some people (28%) but Takan and osana
16% refused to go Poland PDI (68%) and Mega analysis of 15
STRENGTH WEAKNESS Experiment 7 of despite the obedience (90%) studies
milgram's study situational 14/15 did not support
Supporting research Competing studies individualistic and
(telephone) 22.5 pressures to go on
collective culture theory
Gilligan asked real Blass summarized 9 Experiment 13 of
life moral dilemmas. Milgram's style milgram's study
Men used justice, studies and found no (ordinary man) 20
women used care difference
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