Summary (in the shape of practice questions) Mechanisms of Disease 1 (only theme 1 until theme 3B)
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Course
Mechanism of disease 1
Institution
Universiteit Leiden (UL)
This document contains a summary of all the lectures (and some Osmosis videos) of theme 1 until 3B of the subject Mechanisms of Disease 1. DISCLAIMER: this summary does not include all the information about the microorganisms. It is still recommended to use the table provided on Brightspace. In add...
Content
Content in details (all added lectures/videos).......................................................................................2
Theme 1 – Immunology, inflammation and repair.................................................................................3
Introduction to the immune system..................................................................................................3
Mechanisms of innate immunity.......................................................................................................5
B and T cell generation and diversity.................................................................................................9
Mechanisms of adaptive immunity..................................................................................................11
Effector functions of antibodies.......................................................................................................18
Tissue injury and repair....................................................................................................................20
Repair mechanisms..........................................................................................................................21
Pathology of inflammatory reactions...............................................................................................24
Acute pain in the neck.....................................................................................................................27
Theme 2 – Microorganisms as cause of disease..................................................................................29
Introduction infectious diseases......................................................................................................29
Bacteria............................................................................................................................................29
Viruses.............................................................................................................................................32
Fungi and parasites..........................................................................................................................34
Introduction to bacterial diagnostics...............................................................................................35
Theme 3 – Infectious diseases.............................................................................................................37
Invader (virulence factors)...............................................................................................................37
Host versus invader..........................................................................................................................38
Immune deficiencies and infection risk............................................................................................40
Recurrent airway infections.............................................................................................................43
Pathology of infection......................................................................................................................43
Essential microorganisms.................................................................................................................44
Imported and travel-related infections............................................................................................45
Diagnostics of infectious diseases....................................................................................................46
Bacteriology and parasitology..........................................................................................................48
1
,Content in details (all added lectures/videos)
Theme 1 – Immunology, inflammation LT 2 – Introduction to the immune system
and repair OS – Introduction to the immune system
LT 3 – Mechanisms of innate immunity
OS – Complement system
OS – Innate immune system
LT 4 – B and T cell generation and diversity
OS – T cell development
OS – B cell development
OS – VDJ rearrangement
OS – MHC class I and II molecules
LT 5 – Mechanisms of adaptive immunity
OS – T cell activation
OS – B cell activation and differentiation
OS - Contracting the immune response and peripheral
tolerance
OS – B and T cell memory
OS – Cell-mediated immunity of NK and CD8 cells
OS – Cell-mediated immunity of CD4 cells
OS – Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation
LT 6 – Effector functions of antibodies
OS – Antibody classes
LT 7 – Tissue injury and repair
OS – Atrophy, aplasia and hypoplasia
OS – Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
OS – Metaplasia and dysplasia
LT 8 – Repair mechanisms
OS – Necrosis and apoptosis
LT 9 – Pathology of inflammatory reactions
OS – Inflammation
OS – Wound healing
PD 1 – Acute pain in the neck
OS – Abscesses
Theme 2 – Microorganisms as cause of LT 10 – Introduction to infectious diseases
disease LT 11 – Bacteria
OS – Bacterial structure and functions
LT 12 – Viruses
OS – Viral structure and functions
LT 13 – Fungi and parasites
EL - Introduction to bacterial diagnostics
Theme 3 – Infectious diseases LT 14 – Invader (virulence factors)
Theme 3A – Host-pathogen interactions LT 15 – Host versus invader
LT 16 – Immune deficiencies and infection risk
PD 2 – Recurrent airway infections
Theme 3B – Clinical presentations and LT 17 – Pathology of infection
diagnostics LT 18 – Essential microorganisms
LT 19 – Imported and travel-related infections
LT 20 – Diagnostics of infectious diseases
PR 1 and 2 – Bacteriology and parasitology
2
,Theme 1 – Immunology, inflammation and repair
Introduction to the immune system
Which body protection mechanisms are there?
o Physical/chemical barrier
o Innate immune system (the one you are born with)
o Adaptive immune system
What forms the physical barrier of the body protection mechanism?
o Skin and epithelia of GI tract, urogenital tract and the respiratory tract
What forms the chemical barrier of the body protection mechanism?
o Antimicrobial agents on the epithelium
o Bactericidal enzymes (in saliva)
o Low pH value (as in the stomach)
Which components are important when speaking about the innate immune system?
o Leukocytes (white blood cells)
o Cytokines (molecules released to communicate)
Interleukins: communication with other cells
Chemokines: attract leukocytes
Interferons: interfere with virus replication
o Proteins in blood (complements)
What are lymphocytes?
o They are a type of leukocytes, examples of lymphocytes are B and T cells
Which type of leukocytes are there?
o Monocytes
o Lymphocytes
o Basophils
o Eosinophils
o Neutrophils
o (Majority of leukocytes are lymphocytes and neutrophils)
What are the characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune system?
o Innate: fast, less specific (patterns), does not improve, no memory
o Adaptive: slow, highly specific, improves with time, memory
When does the innate immune system activate?
o As soon as a pathogen (which got through the physical barrier) is recognized
o It breaks pathogens down via the use of leukocytes and the complement system
Which cells are important to the innate immune system?
o Myeloid/effector cells
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Mast cells
Dendritic cells
Monocytes/macrophages
o Natural Killer cell (NK cell)
Which cells are important to the adaptive immune system?
o B cells: lymphocytes with B cell receptors
o T cells: lymphocytes with T cell receptors
o Antigen presenting cells (APCs): also part of the innate immune system, they present
(after phagocytosis) the antigen of the pathogen on their cell membrane (MHC-
molecules) to T cells
Which type of cells could present antigens to T cells?
o Macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells
3
, o B cells can internalize antigen and present it (via MHC II) to T cells as well
What is the difference in shape between T cell and B cell receptors?
o B cell receptors have a Y-shaped receptor, T cell receptors have a II-shaped receptor
What happens when an antigen binds to a B cell receptor?
o The B cell releases antibodies (they have the same shape as the B cell receptor and
are able to bind to the same antigen)
What happens when a lymphocyte binds to an antigen?
o The lymphocyte will multiply (clonal expansion)
Where are lymphocytes produced?
o B cells and T cells are produced in bone marrow, though T cells migrate to the
thymus to continue development
What happens to an APC during an infection?
o It will migrate towards a lymph node to get into contact with lymphocytes and
activate an immune response
What happens during an infection?
o Macrophages and mast cells release histamine, cytokines and serotonin (results in a
higher blood vessel permeability)
o Neutrophils are attracted by chemokines, which are released around the infected
area
o The complement system labels pathogens, which makes them more recognizable for
phagocytes
o After some time the adaptive immune response will act as well
What could go wrong, immune response wise, with an organ transplantation?
o T cells of the receiver could recognize the donor organ as foreign and attack it
o Antibodies will be formed against the new organ and together with the complement
system this will lead to rejection
Which immune response is responsible for fevers?
o The innate immune response
What is clonal deletion?
o Once the pathogen is destroyed, a big part of the clonal expansion cells die off
o (some stay, these are memory cells)
What is haematopoiesis?
o Formation of white and red blood cells (primarily in bone marrow)
What do multipotent hematopoietic stem cells become?
o Myeloid progenitor or lymphoid progenitor cells
What do myeloid progenitor cells develop into?
o Myeloid cells: granulocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil), mast cells, dendritic
cells, macrophages and monocytes
What are granulocytes?
o Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
o They have granules in their cytoplasm
How does the neutrophil destroy pathogens?
o It uses phagocytosis to swallow a pathogen
o The pathogen enters a phagosome and can be destroyed in two ways:
Granules: phagolysosome is formed (granules + phagosome) and that lowers
the pH (2% of pathogens die)
Oxidative burst: when the neutrophil is full of pathogen, it produces highly
reactive oxygen-species (that destroys the pathogen)
Which types of granules do phagolysosomes contain?
4
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