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Samenvatting microbiologie, virologie + bacteriologie
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Samenvatting van Microbiologie, beide onderdelen volledig. Korte, maar voldoende uitgebreide samenvatting voor een 16/20 ;)
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Microbiologie samenvattingInhoudsopgave
Introductie ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Postulaten van Koch ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Microscopische technieken gebruikt in de microbiologie .................................................................................... 6
Grootte en morfologie van micro-organsimen .................................................................................................... 7
Biologische classificatie en nomenclatuur ........................................................................................................... 7
Infectie en immuniteit: besmettelijke ziekte ....................................................................................................... 8
Balans tussen gezondheid en ziekte ............................................................................................................... 8
Resultaat van infecties .................................................................................................................................... 8
Soorten interacties tussen micro-organismen en gastheer ............................................................................ 9
Het immuunsysteem ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Vaccinatie .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Diagnose van infectieziekten .......................................................................................................................... 10
Verschillende types van diagnostische methoden ............................................................................................. 10
Detectie van pathogeen ................................................................................................................................ 11
Detectie van het immuunrespons = serologie .............................................................................................. 11
Detectie van het pathogeen .......................................................................................................................... 12
Diagnostische serologie..................................................................................................................................... 15
Interpretatie van testresultaten ........................................................................................................................ 18
Moleculaire diagnostiek ................................................................................................................................. 18
Moleculaire diagnostiek methoden ................................................................................................................... 18
Virologie ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Introductie ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Wat is een virus? ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Structuur van virussen ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Taxonomie van virussen .................................................................................................................................... 24
ICTV-classificatie............................................................................................................................................ 24
Baltimore classificatie ................................................................................................................................... 24
Replicatie van virussen ...................................................................................................................................... 25
Virus entry/uncoating ................................................................................................................................... 25
Virus mRNA synthese (transcriptie) .............................................................................................................. 26
Proteine/genoom synthese – bijeenkomst – release ................................................................................... 26
Replicatie van virussen – DNA-virussen ........................................................................................................ 27
Replicatie van virussen – RNA-virussen ........................................................................................................ 28
Replicatiecyclus van virussen ........................................................................................................................ 30
Genetica en evolutie van virussen ..................................................................................................................... 30
Genetica en evolutie van virussen – mutatie ................................................................................................ 31
Pathogenese en infectie .................................................................................................................................... 32
Pathogenese van virale ziekte ....................................................................................................................... 32
Toegeeflijk of vatbaar? ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Infectiecyclus ................................................................................................................................................. 34
1
, Dubbelstrengige DNA-virussen.......................................................................................................................... 34
Adenoviridae ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Asfaviridae..................................................................................................................................................... 35
Herpesviridae ................................................................................................................................................ 35
Papillomaviridae............................................................................................................................................ 38
Poxviridae ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
Enkelstrengige DNA-virussen ............................................................................................................................ 39
Parvoviridae .................................................................................................................................................. 39
Circoviridae ................................................................................................................................................... 40
RNA-virussen ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
Dubbelstrengig RNA-virussen, klasse III ............................................................................................................ 40
Reoviridae ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
Birnaviridae ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Enkelstrengige RNA-virussen, klasse II .............................................................................................................. 42
Orthomyxoviridae ......................................................................................................................................... 42
Paramyxoviridae............................................................................................................................................ 43
Rhabdoviridae ............................................................................................................................................... 43
Bornaviridae .................................................................................................................................................. 44
Bunyaviridae ................................................................................................................................................. 44
Filoviridae ...................................................................................................................................................... 45
Positief strengige RNA-virussen – klasse IV ....................................................................................................... 45
Picornaviridae ............................................................................................................................................... 45
Caliciviridae ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Astroviridae ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Hepeviridae ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Coronaviridae ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Arteriviridae .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Flaviviridae .................................................................................................................................................... 48
Togaviridae .................................................................................................................................................... 48
Enkelstrengig, RNA-reversed transcriptase ....................................................................................................... 48
Retroviridae................................................................................................................................................... 49
Dubbelstrengig DNA-reversed transcriptase – Klasse VII .................................................................................. 49
Hepadnaviridae ............................................................................................................................................. 49
Bacteriologie .................................................................................................................................................. 50
De structuur van bacteriële cellen ..................................................................................................................... 50
Vorm en opstelling ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Celwand......................................................................................................................................................... 50
Gram negatief versus gram-positief .............................................................................................................. 51
Zuurvaste bacteriën ...................................................................................................................................... 52
Bacteriën zonder celwand ............................................................................................................................. 52
De celmembraan ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Teelt en behoud van bacteriën .......................................................................................................................... 58
Groei en celdeling ......................................................................................................................................... 58
Bacteriën kweken .......................................................................................................................................... 60
Behoud van micro-organismen ..................................................................................................................... 61
Gentransfer ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
Introductie..................................................................................................................................................... 61
Transformatie ................................................................................................................................................ 61
Mechanisme van transductie ........................................................................................................................ 62
Mechanisme van conjugatie ......................................................................................................................... 62
Plasmides ...................................................................................................................................................... 62
2
, Introductie in de taxonomie .............................................................................................................................. 63
Microbiële fylogenie ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Classificatiesysteem met drie domeinen ...................................................................................................... 63
Taxonomie ..................................................................................................................................................... 63
Staphylococcus spp ....................................................................................................................................... 63
Streptococcus spp ......................................................................................................................................... 64
Cornyebacterium spp. ................................................................................................................................... 65
Listeria spp. ................................................................................................................................................... 65
Erysipelothrix spp. ......................................................................................................................................... 66
Bacillus spp. ................................................................................................................................................... 66
Clostridium spp. ............................................................................................................................................ 66
Mycobacterium spp. ..................................................................................................................................... 68
Enterobacteriacaea ....................................................................................................................................... 69
Pseudomonas en Burkholdholderia .............................................................................................................. 69
Actinobacillus ................................................................................................................................................ 70
Francisella tularensis ..................................................................................................................................... 70
Bordetella species ......................................................................................................................................... 70
Brucella species ............................................................................................................................................. 71
Campylobacter en helicobacter species ........................................................................................................ 71
Spirochaetes .................................................................................................................................................. 71
Mycoplasma’s ............................................................................................................................................... 71
Chlamydia...................................................................................................................................................... 71
Antimicrobiële therapie ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 72
Antibiotica die inwerken op peptidoglycaansynthese .................................................................................. 72
Inhibitie van celwandsynthese ...................................................................................................................... 74
Antibiotica die de membraanintegriteit verstoren ....................................................................................... 76
Antibiotica die de eiwitsynthese blokkeren .................................................................................................. 77
Antibiotica die de DNA- of RNA-synthese inhiberen ..................................................................................... 78
Antibiotica die de folaatsynthese inhiberen ................................................................................................. 79
Antibacteriële activiteit meten ..................................................................................................................... 79
Antibiotica resistentie ................................................................................................................................... 79
Effect van voortijdige beëindiging van antibioticabehandeling .................................................................... 80
Mycologie ...................................................................................................................................................... 81
Algemene structuur ........................................................................................................................................... 81
Algemene structuur van funghi .................................................................................................................... 81
Algemene structuur van gisten ..................................................................................................................... 81
Algemene structuur van dimorfe schimmels ................................................................................................ 81
Subcellulaire structuren ................................................................................................................................ 81
Levenscyclus ...................................................................................................................................................... 81
Asexuele sporen ............................................................................................................................................ 81
Asexuele reproductie .................................................................................................................................... 82
Isolatie van funghi ......................................................................................................................................... 82
Doelwitten voor antifungale geneesmiddelen .................................................................................................. 82
Antifungale/ antischimmelmiddelen ................................................................................................................. 82
Polyenen........................................................................................................................................................ 82
Azolen............................................................................................................................................................ 83
Echinodandins ............................................................................................................................................... 83
Allylaminen.................................................................................................................................................... 83
Mycosen: schimmelziektes ................................................................................................................................ 83
Dermatofyten ................................................................................................................................................ 83
Gisten ............................................................................................................................................................ 84
Systemische infecties .................................................................................................................................... 85
3
, Introductie
Verschil tussen bacterie en virus: virus heeft een gastheercel nodig, bacteriën zijn prokaryoten die zelf energie
kunnen produceren op basis van voedingsstoffen.
Survival of the fittest: we zijn gemaakt om genen over te geven. Genen die de meeste kans hebben om te
overleven, hebben de meeste kans om te reproduceren, diegene die flexibeler is. Hoe groter de variatie, hoe
beter je je kunt aanpassen aan de omgeving
Ziekten vroeger gelinkt aan niet-biologische gebeurtenissen. Later besef dat er kleine levensvormen ontstaan.
Doorbraak om micro-organismen te kunnen bekijken. Isolatie werd heel belangrijk, organismen isoleren en aan
gezonde dieren gegeven. Karakterisatie: men wist dat er micro-organismen waren, maar niet het ontstaan
ervan.
Microscopische technieken gebruikt in de microbiologie
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: lenzen en microscopen met vergrotingen van 100-300x, zo bacteriën observeren; in
eerste instantie lens gemaakt om stoffen te bekijken. Naar oppervlaktes kijken en daar gemeenschappen van
gevormde diertjes te zien. Bacteriën met verschillende vormen en grootte, ook rode bloedcellen en andere
cellen gezien en beschreven.
De wet van biogenese // Louis Pasteur
Biogenese vervangt spontane generatie. Kiemtheorie van fermentatie: aantonen dat fermentatie wordt
veroorzaakt door groei van micro-organsimen en de opkomende groei van bacteriën in voedingsbodems is niet
te wijten aan spontane generatie, maar aan biogenese. ‘Al het leven is leven’.
Zwanen nek experiment:
- In zwanennekfles een voedingsbodem gebracht, daarin ging iets groeien: spontane
generatie
o Als bacteriën daarin begonnen te groeien, waren die er al in voor het
experiment
- 3 verschillende flessen met 3 verschillende condities. 3 flessen vol laten doorkoken,
flessen waren open, stoom kon eruit gaan. Door de warmte werd alles
gepasteuriseerd/gesteriliseerd, buis werd steriel, alle levende dingen werden kapot
gemaakt.
- Flessen laten staan, dan geen groei daarin, bij spontante generatie had er iets
moeten groeien
- 2e experiment: nek eraf halen, dan groeit er wel iets/bacteriën in de fles →
aantonen dat er van alles in de lucht zit
- 3e experiment: zorgen dat de vloeistof overal in kwam, daardoor geen sterilisatie en dus groei van
bacteriën
Germ theory of disease; Kiemtheorie van ziekte: Infectieziekten worden veroorzaakt door micro-organismen,
kleine organismen die te klein zijn om zonder vergroting te zien, die de gastheer binnendringen
- Je kan bacteriën uit zieke dieren isoleren en andere dieren infecteren door de bacteriën in gezonde
dieren te brengen.
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