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Biomechanics exam notes (question and answer)
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A dip in to biomechanics related to sport with a wide range of content. And clear concise information with brief explanations to make it easy to retain.
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BIOMECHANICS REVISION Q & A,SEMESTER 2 – LECTURE 7: TYPES OF INJURY.
1. What are the 3 types of injury, when do they occur?
a. Acute injury (Macrotrauma)
i. Occurs in response to one excessively large force
b. Overuse Injury (Microtrauma)
i. Occurs in response to repeated force applications
2. Definition of an overuse injury?
a. “any musculo-skeletal ailment that caused the athlete to stop training for at least
one day, reduce mileage, take medicine or seek medical care”
b. Chronic injury
i. Sometimes used synonymously with overuse injury
ii. More correctly a longstanding injury
3. What is a Colles’ fracture?
a. A common wrist fracture - Really a fracture of the radius, sometimes with
involvement of the ulna.
4. How is a Colles frature caused?
a. Arises from falling on an outstretched hand
b. Forced dorsiflexion
5. What is bone strength/weakness effected by?
a. Weakness or strength of a bone is affected by its density.
6. What is osteoporosis?
a. low bone mineral density
7. What relationship does bone density and strength have?
a. Exponential relationship
8. What is the retrospective technique?
a. Comparing of the motion (kinematics) or external forces (kinetics) between injured
and asymptomatic subjects
9. What is the prospective technique?
a. Observation of the kinematic/kinetic patterns of uninjured subjects (e.g. at the
beginning of a season)
b. later any subjects who have become injured are compared with those who have
nothing
c. easier to show causality
10. What are the two most common causes of injury?
a. Excessive muscle/ joint forces or excessive impact forces
b. Large or misdirected forces
, 11. What is a load?
a. Forces acting on the musculoskeletal system
12. What is compression?
a. Results in the structure shortening and widening.
13. What is Tension?
a. Results in the structure lengthening and narrowing.
14. Shear?
a. Load is applied parallel to the surface of the structure, resulting in the structure
deforming internally in an angular direction
15. What is torsion?
a. Load is applied to the structure causing it to twist about an axis
16. What is bending?
a. Results in a combination of tension to one side of the structure and compression to
the other. Bending may be produced by three forces (three-point bending), as in a
"boot top" fracture.
17. What do the GRF’s not describe?
a. The GRF does not describe what happens in the body,
18. What does describe internal forces & what are the influenced by?
a. joint reaction force (JRF) is influenced by
i. the transmission of GRFs
ii. motion of body segments
iii. weight of body segments
b. Internal forces are joint reaction forces
19. How are muscle forces and JRF’s calculated?
a. Inverse dynamcis
Muscle forces and JRFs are calculated through inverse dynamics.
20. How are internal forces directly measured?
a. Can also be directly measured using a buckle transducer
i. deformed by the force in the tendon
ii. deformation detected by strain gauges
iii. Require surgical implantation
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