Lindsey Jones Review Questions With Complete Solutions

On a pressure-volume loop, what is a "bird beak" and how is it fixed? correct answer: -Bird beak indicates the lungs are being over-filled, shown by the overdistention of loop -This can be fixed by reducing the VT On a pressure-volume loop, what is a "football" and how is it fixed? correct answer: -A football demonstrates insufficient PEEP, shown by the flat spot of loop -This can be fixed by increasing PEEP until this flat spot is minimized On a pressure-volume loop, how is a leak indicated and where is it seen? correct answer: -Indicated by the exhalation portion of the loop not returning to the original baseline -The leak could exist anywhere in the vent circuit, ET cuff, or perforation in the lung tissue What is the primarily reason to use helium/oxygen therapy (HeliOx)? What type of patients is it used to treat? correct answer: -Used to lower airway resistance and decrease WOB -Used to treat upper airway inflammation and obstruction (vocal cord paralysis, foreign body obstruction, and cancer of upper airway) -Indicated for asthma pts when other medications are not working What does "ashen in color" mean? correct answer: -Another word for pale -The likely cause is shock or *lack of blood* -Could be a result of hemorrhaging What are the normal electrolytes? -K+ -Na+ -Cl- correct answer: K+ = 3.5-4.5 mEq/L -CO2 normal, move decimal Na+ = 135-145 mEq/L -CO2 normal, add 1 Cl- =80-100 mEq/L -PaO2 normal What is normal WBC? What is normal RBC? correct answer: -WBC = 4,000-12,000 cu mm - RBC = 4-6 gm/dL What is normal Hb? What is normal Hct? correct answer: -HB = 12-16 gm/dL -Hct =45% What is normal BUN? What is normal Creatinine? correct answer: -BUN = 8-25 mg/dL -Creatinine = 0.7 - 1.3 mg/dL Hemodynamics? -CVP -PAP -PCWP -C.O/C.I. correct answer: CVP = 2-6 mmHg -Right heart PAP = 14 mmHg -Lungs PCWP = 7-9 mmHg -Left heart C.O/C.I = 4-8 L/min (x2 for C.I.) -Capillary bed What would indicate that the hemodynamic pressures of the heart are abnormal? correct answer: If the pressures go from: 1. "high" to "normal" 2. "high" to "low" Possible diseases associated with lung problems? correct answer: -Pulmonary embolism