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This summary document includes the key AO1 information, relevant studies and AO3 PEEL structured evaluative paragraphs for the Behaviourist approach
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The Behaviourist approachBasic Assumptions
- We are all born a blank slate (Tabula Rosa)
- All behaviour is learned from experience, none is genetic or hereditary.
- Only behaviours which are directly observable can be studied as they need to be scientifically measured.
- We learn in the same way as all other animals do
Pavlov’s Dogs
Classical conditioning
Discovered the use of classical conditioning when he first
Idea of leaning through association to therefore adopt new noticed the associations that the brain can form. He used
behaviours or characteristics. We are born with certain reflexes dogs with tubes through their cheeks to collect saliva
but these can be conditioned to then change the reflex. produced in response to a stimulus.
1)Before UCS → UCR 1) Food (UCS) → Salivation (UCR)
NS → no response Bell (NS) → No Response
2)During UCS + NS → UCR 2) Bell + Food (conditioning where they are paired
repeatedly) → Salivation (UCR)
3)After CS → CR 3) Bell (CS) → Salivation (CR)
Skinner’s Research Operant Conditioning
Used pigeons and rats in a skinner box to introduce consequences Idea of learning through consequences to then shape
for the animals to test his hypothesis. behaviour.
1.Testing positive reinforcement- the box is set up so that pressing There are three ways:
a lever releases food. When entering the box, the animal acts in
random exploratory behaviour. However, on finding the lever, it was 1. Positive reinforcement, when a behaviour is
found that the animal would continue to press it due to the positive rewarded therefore increasing the likelihood of it
reinforcement given. being repeated.
2. Negative reinforcement, when a behaviour removes
2.Testing negative reinforcement- the box is set up that when the a negative consequence therefore increasing the
lever is pressed, the animal avoids being electrified. Similarly, the behaviours likelihood to occur again.
animal wandered around before pressing the lever, ceasing the 3. Punishment, a negative consequence in response to
electrocution. This therefore creates the association, and the lever a behaviour therefore making it less likely to occur.
was then repeatedly pressed.
Key detail- the conditioned association would go extinct if
3.Testing punishment- the box is modified so that pressing the lever the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS as the
results in electrocution. Soon, the animal avoided the lever animal/person will realise that their expectation of what is
altogether and sat on the opposite side of the box. Therefore, the going to happen will no longer be met.
behaviour was weakened.
P- The behaviourist approach is too deterministic
AO3- Evaluation of the Behaviourist approach EE- It claims that environment is the only factor having a role
to play on the development of certain behaviours. This concept
P+ There is research to show evidence in support of classical
would struggle when looking at perhaps spontaneous events or
and operant conditioning.
behaviours as the behaviourist approach does not
EE+ Pavlov showed how dogs learn to associate the NS and
acknowledge the quality of free will or how it may have an
UCS whilst Skinner showed how pigeons and rats learn
effect.
through reinforcement and punishment.
L- This therefore makes the behaviourist approach less valid as
L+ This therefore increases the validity of the behaviourist
it only focuses on the effect of the environment,
approach as the two distinct methods can be shown through an
nature>nurture, so therefore does not appreciate the other
empirical method.
factors which may have an impact.
P+ There are clear experiments and application to show
P- Research is often conducted on animals
modifying and changing behaviour
E- This is as according to behaviourists animals behave in a
EE+ Pavlov and Skinner’s research methods both study
very similar way to humans however critics would argue that
observable and measurable behaviours to therefore create
humans are far more complex due to emotion and cognition.
more definite conclusions to link cause and effect.
L- Therefore this reduces the external validity of research
L+ This therefore adds validity to the behaviourist approach.
under behaviourism
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