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Summary Psychodynamic approach page/poster
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This summary document includes the key AO1 information, relevant studies and AO3 PEEL structured evaluative paragraphs for the psychodynamic approach.
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Basic Assumptions:Our behaviour and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious A perspective that describes the different
motives; therefore, all behaviour is psychically determined. forces, most of which are conscious, that
operate on the mind and direct human
Our behaviour and feelings as adults are rooted behaviour and experience
in our childhood experiences.
Psychodynamic Approach
The 3 minds: (AO1) The Structure of the Personality (AO1)
Conscious mind- small amount of mental The ID (from birth)- Dominant force is to seek pleasure and it has selfish, childish
activity we know about, e.g., thoughts and and hedonistic tendencies. It focuses on the self and its immediate sources of
perceptions pleasure, e.g. A baby crying for food.
Preconscious mind- just under the conscious, The Ego(18mths)-Introduces the ‘reality principle’ that we cannot always get
thoughts or ideas we may become aware of what we want. Ensures that as we get older neither the ID or Superego become
during dreams or Freudian slips (parapraxes) dominant
Unconscious mind- part of our mind that we The Superego(5yrs)- Introduces the ‘morality principle’, helping the individual to
are unaware of but which directs much of form their own moral code which develops through socialisation. Works in
our behaviour complete opposition to the ID, attempting to suppress it.
Psychosexual stages of Development (AO1) Defence Mechanisms (AO1)
Oral (age 0-1) – The focus of pleasure is in the mouth with the desire for the mother’s They are used by the ego in order to cope with
breasts. If this stops too early or carries on too long, it will have a later effect e.g. conflicting demands of the other two parts of
Smoking, biting nails etc. the personality: the ID and Superego.
Anal (age 1-3)- The focus of pleasure is in the anus and pleasure is caused by excretion. The ego works by distorting reality so that the
If a child is overly enthusiastic with toilet use it may mean they are very generous and if
individual can continue with everyday life
it’s restricted by parents, the child may become anally retentive and then be organised,
without the unpleasant feelings or memories
neat and reluctant to spend. The amount of toilet usage can determine later
relationships with authoritative figures. dominating their conscious awareness.
Phallic (age 3-6)- Realisation of sexual differences causes frustration, anxiety, rivalry and 1. Denial- refusal to accept some aspect of
jealousy. Castration anxiety develops. Both genders will cry without the attention of the reality
opposite gendered parent. 2. Repression- forcing a distressing
Oedipus (boys)- Boy experiences sexual Electra (girls)- Girls realise that they don’t memory out of the conscious mind
feelings for mother and sees his father have a penis and think that their mums have 3. Displacement- transferring feelings from
as a rival so will therefore befriend him removed it. This causes penis envy of males
a true source of distressing emotion
and try to behave similarly to him. and girls will desire their father.
onto a substitute target.
Latency (age 6-11) – sexual impulses are repressed as Libido is dormant so no further
development takes place. This allows for energy to be focused on hobbies, school work
Weaknesses- (AO3)
and friendships. Failure to move past this stage results in life long immaturity and
innability to have and maintain sexual and non-sexual relationships. Also leaves you P- Widely criticised for being harmful and no more
unable to remember early years. effective than if no therapy had been used. E- shows
how psychoanalysis may not be suitable for everyone
Genital (age12+) -sexual desire becomes conscious during puberty (Freud believed the
especially those with serious disorders eg.
ego and superego were fully developed here). If conflict is unresolved it could lead to
Schizophrenia as people with this disorder do not
difficulty forming heterosexual relationships. Fixation of sexual aims are caused by
usually have a clear perception of reality which is
trauma or a blockage in libidinal urges.
needed for psychoanalysis L- although the
psychodynamic approach has value it is not as
Strengths- (AO3)
comprehensive as others.
P- psychodynamic approach highlights the importance of childhood on later
P- Difficult to test scientifically.
development. E- Concepts such as the ID, Ego and Superego are
unobservable as they work in the unconscious.
E- emphasises how childhood experiences, especially conflict influences
Therefore, it is not falsifiable or empirical so lacks
behaviour later on in adulthood. This therefore strengthens the case for
scientific validity. Similarly, research that has been
children’s rights reform and suggests that children should be nurtured as their conducted is not reliable as it was on individuals
childhood will have such a big influence on later life. selected from wealthy Viennese society.
L- therefore, the research is not able to be generalised
L- shows the useful practical applications beyond therapy.
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