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Summary IB Biology HL Notes
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IB Biology HL notes/summary. Contains summary of all topics, including Option C: Ecology. Got grade 6 in 2023
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, UNIT 1 mitochondria&
eukaryotic cell (animal)
vesicles
~plas
⑧
golgi
↑ > 0
package
modify distribute
,
,
Mitochondria
0
I
I
materials
I
centrioles ->produce AtD
⑳ ⑧
g
ribosome - · lysosome
E
~>
↳
0
protein contain
6 ...
8
00
Synthesis
⑤
digestive
O
enzymes
2 nucleus
&
↳ drise from
f
0
00
Rough golgi
00
ER
nucleolus
⑳
⑧S ↳ nuclear
↓0
membrane
0
s
Smooth ↳ vacuole
Scentral
endoplasmic
↳ plasma membrane O
reticulum
s t
arch
transport of
materials I granules
composed of Carb
production of vacuole
.
sex hormones & lipids
stored in
amyloplasts for storage , formed
from
golgi
cell wall endosymbiotic theory
bacteria-peptidoglycan ↳ eukaryotic cel engulfed bacterial cell &
fungi-> chitin cell wall
formed symbiotic relationship
~divide
plant
->
cellulose cell wall mitochondria by binary
fission , have
· evidence ->
have own DNA
algoe- own ribosome produce protein
to , ,
have double membrane
chloroplast
0000000000 - hydrophilic
+
1111111
accond head
interphase
tail
VVV
oooodo-hydrophobic ·
G1 -> cell
and
growth
chloroplast
, protein synthesis , Mitochondria
replication
cholesterol regulate membrane fluidity
-> · S-> DNA replication
and permeability ·
G2 -> protein synthesis for mitosis ,
microtubules
proteins ->
integral are ampiphatic control the cell
cycling are proteins that cycle
peripheral are on surface
↳ bind to CDK (cyclin dependent kinases) to
cell
hormone binding enzyme , ,
activate them
adhesion (anchoragel cell communicat
, cyclin E-DNA replication
and centromere duplication
passive/active transport channel
A-> induce DNA Mep
cyclin .
cyclin B -> formation of
Na/K pump
mitotic spindles and
pump
inside Naoutside via facilitated chromosome
alignment
diffusion
Pasteur's experiment bacterial in open
->
growth
flask proved all cells come from pre-
only
->
existing cells
, mitosis amino acid
form peptide bonds via condensation
H 0
DNA is associated with histone proteins to
H I
C
form then chromatin N -0H
-
nucleosomes and
-
, ,
chromosomes
H
↓
prophase -> chromating condence & chromosomes structure
·
primary
form , spindle fibers form ,
nucleolus
secondary -> alpha relices (coil/spiral arragement)
disappears ↳ H bonds beta-pleated sheet
equator
· metaphase -> chromosomes
align at
· anaphase- Sister chromatids de pulled apart tertiary -> It bonds disulfide
,
, ionic
by spindle fiber is total proteins expressed in a cell at d
proteome
· telophase certain time
↳ it is unique
·
cytokinesis Structure ->
collagen , Spider Silk
UNIT 2 hormone -> insulin , glucagon
immunity -> immunoglobulin
woehler falsified vitalism by producing
und from inorganic compounds transport ->
hemoglobin cytochrome ,
sensation ->
rhodopsin
water properties -> cohesion
adhesion
,
movement -> actin , myosin
high specific Yes, capillary actions
s enzyme -> rubisco
heat capacity ,
high latent heat of vaporization -> coolant
,
Photosynthesis
solvent -> carbs are soluble & easily carried chlorophyll absorbs blue and red
light must
in blood reflects green light
pigments
CHIOH monosaccudides Pre glycosidic
bonds
chromatography -> separates photosynthetic
O ↳ thin layer
glucose ↳ paper or
,-H
- -
galactose
no you fructose UNIT 3
oil dislactose ,
maltose ,
sucrose locus is the position of a gene on a chromosome
alleles are alternative forms of a gene
poly-cellulose glycogen
-
, , starch
Sickle cell andemic is called by base
B-glucose & glucose &
-glucose
·
bonds 1 491 61 421 6 substitution mutation
14
- -
-
-
- -
GAG GUG
linear linea brauched MRNA chages from to
-
108 Glu to val
amy
amylopective ↳ recessive
malaria
very susceptible
bond to
fatty acids saturated ->
single 191 -
unsat -> double bond resistant
is same side
/A / - more hetresomes (XY)
↳
determine sex
trais opposite side IA/A ->
healthy
glycerol+3 fatty acid ->
triglyceride
condensation
Karyogram -> visual profile of chromosomes
Measuring DNA molecule length
coronary heart dis. autoradiography ->
CDL -> raise cholesterol-> cause ↳ Cairns method
HDL -> lover cholesteno -> prol- crossing
over
chromosomes
MeiOSis 1 ->
diploid to haploid homo .
spids - long term energy storage separate
M17 -> similar to mitosis Sister chromatids
separate .
more ATP
hormones crossing over (prophesel) homo chromosomes are
.
insulation , protection of organs held together by chidsmatd (non Sister chromatids (
structural components cell membrace genes
->
-> recombination of
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