This note is an AQA A level Physics note on Particles and Radiation. There are useful tables, graphs and some drawings and illustrations attached in the note for better understanding.
↳ # of electrons in ->
Ernest Rutherford's
8
-
model (1911)
-
the outer shell
·
molecule :
when two or more atoms are chemically bonded
·
element :
a substance that cannot be broken down into
other substance
any .
Every element is made up of its own
type of atom .
element
atom
②gen
Ex)
Water
H20
en - > molecule
Matter
element
specific charge ratio of Particle's charge & mass
(values relative to
proton)
charge I
specific
in C
charge : ratio
mass in kg Should]
* When calculating for specific charge ,
the ans .
↓ be in the same d as the lowest number of S t
of Particle's charge&
.
p .
. .
*
, 2 .
Nuclide Notation
A
chemical
·
nuclide notation + nucleon #
(MasS#) symbol
# of (protons neutrons)
protons
+
-
:
Z
-
-# of neutrons A- Z &tomic #
=
C# of protons
-
# of electrons =
2
·
when # of protons= # of electrons =
neutral atom
(non-charged)
when of # # of elections ion
protons
· =
·
nucleon : term meaning either proton/neutron particle
;
in nucleus
Ex Sodium :
PN Sodium ion :
YPNI&- Imorproton
#of p-11 #of p-11
# of n-12 # of -12
#
of e-11 #
of e-10
3 . Isotopes
Isotopes same elements that have the # of protons
:
same
·
-
but different # of neutrons .
me
# of make nucleus unstable
-increasing the neutrons in nucleus
might
EX) Hydrogen Carbon Iodine
·
·
·
3 naturally occurring isotopes of
H-carbon-14
-
is
naturally occurring isotope
E Is I
-
D of Carbon decays time
-
normal H which over
to become Carbon-12
-
iH WI IP ,
1 e ,
On
used in medicine
!)
-
& denterium (heavy hydrogen) ex -
6p ,
be ,
6n
IH w/ 1P half-life
-
-
1e 1n has a
,
!4)
,
& Tritium (rare & radioactivel
-
isotope 6p ,
be ,
on (time required for half of
~has
BH 1P 1e unstable nucleus it to
decay away (
-
2n
, ,
carbon all
dating living things absorve carbon from atmosphere & food certain
· : +
dies but the radioactive
amount of Carbon-14 .
When plant/animal , they stop absorbing ,
carbon that they've accumulated continues to decay .
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