NURS 611 Patho – Maryville QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED 2022/2023

What is Apoptosis? - correct answersA programmed cell death What is necrosis? - correct answersDeath of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. Characteristics of tissue necrosis - correct answers1) Rapid loss of of the plasma membrane structure 2) Organelle swelling 3) Mitochondrial dysfunction Hypoxia - correct answersWhat is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis. (especially the kidney and heart) What is hypertrophy? - correct answersIs an increase in the size of cells Physiologic hypertrophy - correct answersHypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training Pathologic hypertrophy - correct answersOccurs secondary to HTN What is Hyperplasia - correct answersIncrease in the number of cells Pathological hyperplasia - correct answersEndometrial hyperplasia Compensatory hyperplasia - correct answersRemoval of 70% of the liver- can regenerate in about 2 weeks What is Metaplasia - correct answersReplacement of cells Example of Metaplasia - correct answersNormal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the brohchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have on cells? - correct answersReduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? - correct answersThese reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation andprogression of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and chronic heart failure. What are free radicals? - correct answersElectrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. How are free radicals formed? - correct answersHaving one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.