CBT exam 2
Why would the cancer cells have abnormal proteins that could be presented via MHC? -
correct answer Tumors have multiple gene mutations that might be recognized as
foreign
If the tumor has such antigens and has presented them to the T cell, why hasn't the T
cell responded? - correct answer Tumor cells express PD-L1 which binds to PD-1 and
down regulates the T-cell response
What approach is used in current immunotherapy to bypass the mechanism that tumors
use to block the T-cell response this way? - correct answer Use a PD-1 inhibitor to
disrupt the interaction that keeps the T-cells from responding
What types of side effects are associated with use of immune checkpoint inhibitor
therapies (the answer should be very general? - correct answer Most of the side
effects are related to auto-immunity (rash, fever, etc.)
What is a biomarker? - correct answer a biochemical or genetic feature that can be
used to measure disease progress or the effect of treatment
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of biomarkers? -
correct answer Advantages: Non-invasive, Possibility of early detection
Disadvantages: False positives, False negatives
Phase 0 - correct answer to determine the pharmacokinetics of the drug (drug lifetime)
Phase I - correct answer to determine the dose of the drug that is toxic, to decide the
maximal dose that should be used in subsequent trials (efficacy might be seen in this
trial, but efficacy testing is not the goal of a Phase I trial
phase II - correct answer to test the drug with a moderate number of patients to
determine its efficacy and side effects
Phase III - correct answer to test the drug with a larger number of patients to
determine its efficacy and gain more information about its safety
Phase IV - correct answer to determine how patients who have been treated with the
drug after it has been approved by the FDA have responded
exosomes - correct answer Small vesicles that are secreted by cells that carry nucleic
acids (especially miRNA and mRNA), some proteins and signaling molecules
Were any of the mechanisms on the following list that are NOT ones that Dr. Kucuk
(and others) have found to be affected by diet in a manner that could affect cancer risk?
Why would the cancer cells have abnormal proteins that could be presented via MHC? -
correct answer Tumors have multiple gene mutations that might be recognized as
foreign
If the tumor has such antigens and has presented them to the T cell, why hasn't the T
cell responded? - correct answer Tumor cells express PD-L1 which binds to PD-1 and
down regulates the T-cell response
What approach is used in current immunotherapy to bypass the mechanism that tumors
use to block the T-cell response this way? - correct answer Use a PD-1 inhibitor to
disrupt the interaction that keeps the T-cells from responding
What types of side effects are associated with use of immune checkpoint inhibitor
therapies (the answer should be very general? - correct answer Most of the side
effects are related to auto-immunity (rash, fever, etc.)
What is a biomarker? - correct answer a biochemical or genetic feature that can be
used to measure disease progress or the effect of treatment
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of biomarkers? -
correct answer Advantages: Non-invasive, Possibility of early detection
Disadvantages: False positives, False negatives
Phase 0 - correct answer to determine the pharmacokinetics of the drug (drug lifetime)
Phase I - correct answer to determine the dose of the drug that is toxic, to decide the
maximal dose that should be used in subsequent trials (efficacy might be seen in this
trial, but efficacy testing is not the goal of a Phase I trial
phase II - correct answer to test the drug with a moderate number of patients to
determine its efficacy and side effects
Phase III - correct answer to test the drug with a larger number of patients to
determine its efficacy and gain more information about its safety
Phase IV - correct answer to determine how patients who have been treated with the
drug after it has been approved by the FDA have responded
exosomes - correct answer Small vesicles that are secreted by cells that carry nucleic
acids (especially miRNA and mRNA), some proteins and signaling molecules
Were any of the mechanisms on the following list that are NOT ones that Dr. Kucuk
(and others) have found to be affected by diet in a manner that could affect cancer risk?
