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Samenvatting - psychologie
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dit is een samenvatting van de hoorcolleges (powerpoints+notities) van psychologie (srw1) 13/20 behaald (eerste zit)
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1 Inleiding in de psychologie..................................................................................................................7
1.1 Een definitie vd psychologie.........................................................................................................7
1.2 Wetenschap en intuïtie.................................................................................................................7
1.3 geschiedenis vd psychologie.........................................................................................................7
1.3.1 de verre voorgeschiedenis.....................................................................................................8
1.3.2 Ernst Kretschmer: Duitse psychiater (niet zo lang geleden)...................................................8
1.3.3 Frenologie..............................................................................................................................9
1.3.4 19de eeuw: structuralisme......................................................................................................9
1.3.5 19de eeuw: functionalisme.....................................................................................................9
1.3.6 20ste eeuw: opkomst behaviorisme........................................................................................9
1.3.7 Gestaltpsychologie...............................................................................................................10
1.3.8 Neobehaviorisme/ cognitieve psychologie..........................................................................10
1.3.9 Psychodynamische stroming................................................................................................10
1.3.10 Humanisme........................................................................................................................11
1.3.11 Stromingen in de tijd.........................................................................................................11
1.4 Cognitieve psychologie...............................................................................................................11
1.5 Nature- nurture debat................................................................................................................12
1.6 Huidige visie op gedrag...............................................................................................................12
1.7 Studiedomeinen binnen psychologie..........................................................................................12
1.7.1 Theoretische psychologie....................................................................................................12
1.7.2 Toegepaste psychologie.......................................................................................................13
1.7.3 Theoretische en toegepaste psychologie.............................................................................13
1.7.4 Verwante gebieden: beïnvloeden menselijk functioneren..................................................13
1.7.5 Psychotherapie....................................................................................................................13
2 Module waarneming.........................................................................................................................14
2.1 Enkele psychologische begrippen...............................................................................................14
2.1.1 Van prikkels tot sensatie (bottom-up).................................................................................14
2.1.2 Zien......................................................................................................................................15
2.1.3 Horen...................................................................................................................................16
2.1.4 Ruiken..................................................................................................................................16
2.1.5 Smaak..................................................................................................................................16
2.1.6 Tast......................................................................................................................................16
2.1.7 Gewaarwording in de praktijk..............................................................................................17
, 2.2 Psychologische activiteiten betrokken bij waarnemen (kenmerken vd waargenomene)...........17
2.2.1 Top-down proces.................................................................................................................17
3 Denken..............................................................................................................................................20
3.1 Wat is denken?...........................................................................................................................20
3.1.1 In ontw.................................................................................................................................20
3.1.2 Onderzoek (Wolfgang Köhler): sultan en de banaan (kunnen dieren denken?)..................20
3.1.3 Naar een definitie................................................................................................................20
3.1.4 Soorten denken...................................................................................................................21
3.1.5 Cultureel bepaald................................................................................................................21
3.1.6 Hersenonderzoek.................................................................................................................22
3.1.7 Besluit..................................................................................................................................22
3.2 Bouwstenen van denken............................................................................................................22
3.2.1 Doel mentale representaties...............................................................................................22
3.2.2 Concept................................................................................................................................22
3.2.3 Schema................................................................................................................................23
3.2.4 Psycho educatie...................................................................................................................23
3.2.5 Besluit..................................................................................................................................24
3.3 Vormen van denken....................................................................................................................24
3.3.1 Besluit..................................................................................................................................25
3.4 Goede denkers............................................................................................................................25
3.4.1 Besluit..................................................................................................................................26
3.5 Als het misloopt met de heuristiek.............................................................................................26
3.5.1 Bevestigingsheuristiek (confirmationbias)...........................................................................26
3.5.2 Hindsight bias......................................................................................................................26
3.5.3 Anker effect (achoringbias)..................................................................................................26
3.5.4 Representativiteitsbias........................................................................................................27
3.5.5 Beschikbaarheidsheuristiek en dus bias...............................................................................27
3.5.6 Need for closure..................................................................................................................27
3.5.7 Overhaast generaliseren......................................................................................................27
3.5.8 Onterecht causaal verband..................................................................................................28
3.5.9 Irrelevante autoriteit...........................................................................................................28
3.5.10 Besluit................................................................................................................................28
4 Module leren.....................................................................................................................................28
4.1 Wat is leren?...............................................................................................................................28
4.1.1 Leren vs instinct...................................................................................................................28
4.1.2 Eenvoudige leervormen:......................................................................................................29
, 4.1.3 Complexe leervormen..........................................................................................................29
4.2 Hoe leren we?.............................................................................................................................29
4.2.1 Hoe leren we via klassieke conditionering...........................................................................29
4.2.2 Hoe leren we via operante conditionering (oc)...................................................................30
4.2.3 Vergelijking KC en OC...........................................................................................................33
4.2.4 Hoe leren we via observationeel of sociaal leren?...............................................................33
5 Stress en emoties..............................................................................................................................34
5.1 1. Stress......................................................................................................................................34
5.2 Wat is stress ?.............................................................................................................................34
5.2.1 Bronnen v stress..................................................................................................................35
5.2.2 Soorten stressoren...............................................................................................................35
5.2.3 Belangrijke kanttekeningen.................................................................................................35
5.3 Het stressresponssysteem..........................................................................................................35
5.3.1 De structuren in onze hersenen die deel uit maken van ons stressresponssysteem...........36
5.3.2 De amygdala is onze rookdetector......................................................................................36
5.3.3 Hoe maakt amygdala inschatting v gevaar?.........................................................................36
5.3.4 De amygdala werkt daarvoor nauw samen met hippocampus............................................36
5.3.5 De hippocampus is ons geheugencentrum..........................................................................37
5.3.6 De hypothalamus is ons commandocentrum......................................................................37
5.3.7 De prefrontale cortex is ons controle centrum....................................................................37
5.3.8 Wisselwerking amygdala en prefrontale cortex en de invloed op emotieregulatie.............37
5.3.9 Prefrontale cortex remt af...................................................................................................37
5.3.10 Amygdala kaping................................................................................................................37
5.3.11 Trigger................................................................................................................................38
5.3.12 Effect van langdurige stress op kwaliteit v emotieregulatie bij kinderen...........................38
5.3.13 Effect van sociale steun op kwaliteit van emotieregulatie bij kinderen.............................38
5.3.14 Stresshormonen adrenaline en cortisol: de boodschappers van ons stressresponssysteem
......................................................................................................................................................38
5.3.15 Functie van onze stresshormonen.....................................................................................39
5.3.16 Adrenaline.........................................................................................................................39
5.3.17 Cortisol...............................................................................................................................39
5.4 Stresssensitisatie en stresstolerantie..........................................................................................39
5.4.1 Fysiologische stressreactie in kindertijd...............................................................................40
5.4.2 Wat gebeurt er wanneer stress lang aanhoudt?..................................................................40
5.4.3 Toxische werking cortisol op hersenstructuur vh stressresponssyteem..............................41
5.4.4 Hoe chronischer de stress: hoe minder controle over stress...............................................41
, 5.4.5 Toxische werking cortisol op ons lichaam............................................................................42
5.5 Wat doet stress psychologisch met ons?....................................................................................42
5.5.1 Window of tolerance...........................................................................................................42
5.5.2 Amygdala en het stressvenster............................................................................................42
5.6 Effecten van stress tijdens de kinderjaren..................................................................................43
5.6.1 Early life stress.....................................................................................................................43
5.6.2 ELS en een structureel klein stressvenster...........................................................................44
5.6.3 Intergenerationele overdracht v stress................................................................................44
5.6.4 ACE.......................................................................................................................................44
5.6.5 Het verschil tussen ace en trauma.......................................................................................45
5.7 2. Stress......................................................................................................................................46
5.8 Wat is emotie?............................................................................................................................46
5.8.1 Geen 1duidige def -> verschillende insteken:......................................................................46
5.8.2 Basis emoties.......................................................................................................................46
5.8.3 Complexe emoties...............................................................................................................46
5.8.4 Functies van emoties...........................................................................................................46
5.8.5 Emotie en motivatie.............................................................................................................46
5.8.6 Wat is emotie?.....................................................................................................................47
5.9 Bouwstenen van emoties...........................................................................................................47
5.9.1 Situatie.................................................................................................................................47
5.9.2 Lichaamsaspecten................................................................................................................47
5.9.3 Gedragsaspecten.................................................................................................................48
5.9.4 Gevoelsaspecten..................................................................................................................50
5.10 Hoe leren we emoties?.............................................................................................................50
5.10.1 Leren v emoties via KC.......................................................................................................51
5.10.2 Leren van emoties via OC..................................................................................................52
5.10.3 Leren van emoties via sociaal leren...................................................................................53
5.11 Wat is de relevantie voor de JP.................................................................................................53
5.11.1 Emotiebewustzijn..............................................................................................................53
5.11.2 Emotiebegrip.....................................................................................................................53
5.11.3 Emotieregulatie.................................................................................................................53
6 Motivatie...........................................................................................................................................54
6.1 Wat is motivatie?........................................................................................................................54
6.2 ABC motor -> basisnoden...........................................................................................................54
6.2.1 Autonomie...........................................................................................................................54
6.2.2 Verbondenheid....................................................................................................................54
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