KPEERI Test Prep Questions and Answers Graded A

KPEERI Test Prep Questions and Answers Graded A Print Awareness Understanding the function of print and how it is organized on a page. Onset Sound Sounds before the vowel in a syllable. Phoneme The smallest part of spoken language. Phonological Awareness A persons ability to hear sound structures of speech, a person's ability to manipulate sound structures of speech, and a print free skill set. Phonemic Awareness The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate discrete, individual sounds in words. Alphabetic Principle The relationship between letters and spoken words. Grapheme A specific letter or group of letters that represents a specific sound. (cat=3 graphemes, chat=3 graphemes) Phonics Instruction Understand the relationship between letters and sounds, recognize unfamiliar words, and improve reading comprehension. Fluent Readers - Read text accurately, quickly, and with expression. - Read smoothly with appropriate phrasing. - Connect ideas, focus on meaning, and recognize words. Automaticity Refers to accurate and speedy word recognition. Academic Vocabulary Words that cross academic disciplines (such as determine, illustrate, and average). Semantic Gradients A way to broaden and deepen students' understanding of related words. Students consider a continuum of words by order of degree. (Example: Arranging words that describe the speed of movement from fastest to slowest). Semiphonetic Stage A student who writes 'u' for 'you' is in this stage of spelling development. Invented Spelling Is a sound-letter approach to spelling words. Digraph A combination of two letters representing one sound. Precommunicative Stage of Spelling A child who writes the letter L for the word hippopotamus in Gentry's stages of spelling. Cooperative Learning Involves students working together as partners, in small groups, and on defined tasks. Metacognition Thinking about thinking. Informal Assessment Provide information that teachers can use to plan ongoing instruction, to identify struggling readers, and to determine instructional groups. Example of Common Informal Reading Assessment Phonemic Awareness assessment, qualitative reading inventory, and running records. Chall's Stage 0 Pre-reading - 6 mo - 6 yrs - - oral language is important - begin to recognize letters - there is language in books Chall's Stage 1 Initial Reading - Grades 1 & 2 - Learn how sounds relate to print - Read high frequency, irregular words - Listening comprehension is more efficient that reading comprehension. Chall's Stage 2 Confirmation, Fluency, Ungluing from Text - - The learner, familiar with basic sound-symbol relationships and familiar with more words. - improves decoding skills - expands the number of words recognized by site, and builds fluency Chall's Stage 3 Reading for New Learning - Grades 4 to 8 - Students are no longer learning to read, they are reading to learn. Chall's Stage 4 Reading from Multiple Viewpoints - Grades 9 to 12 - Comprehension continues to deepen. Chall's Stage 5 Construction and Reconstruction - College and Beyond - Construct knowledge from reading - Reconstruct new knowledge - Some never make it to this stage. Scarborough's Reading Rope Becoming a skilled reader is woven over time with explicit instruction and a lot of practice. SVR (Simple View of Reading) Decoding x Language Comprehension = Reading Comprehension Phonemic Awareness Sesitivity to individual sounds in words. Phonemes The smallest unit of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of a word. Phonology System of rules and patterns that determine how sounds are used in spoken language. Morphology The way words are formed and related to one another. The study of meaningful units of language. Morpheme The smallest unit of language that carries meaning. (Example: prefixes, suffixes, base words) Syntax Grammatical structure of language. - Word order - Sentence Structure - Noun/Verb Agreement - Parts of Speech Orthography Refers to the patterns of written language; how words are spelled. Semantics Meaning, multiple meanings, synonyms, antonyms. Pragmatics Social Use of Language Syllable Is a word or part of word made with one opening; has one vowel sound. Segmentation Separating a word into parts, such as syllables, onsets, rimes, and phonemes. (Unblending) Onset The initial consonant(s) before the vowel sound in a syllable Rime The part of the syllable that contains the vowel sound and the consonant sound that follows. Inflection Ending A suffix that changes the form of usage of a word. Derivational Suffix Suffix added to a base word and creates a word that is different from the base word such as the part of speech or function. Free Morpheme A morpheme that can stand alone (duct, port, bias) Bound Morpheme A morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes. Summative Assessment Summarize learning at specific time intervals (SAT, End of year exams) Screenings Brief instruments given to whole classes to identify "at risk" students. Formative Assessment A wide range of formal and informal tests and assessments. Validity The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Score Reliability The consistency with which scores on a measurement instrument measure an underlying construct, which is a trait, ability, or a behavior. Raw Scores Number of items answered correctly. Derived Scores Standardized and give meaning to the raw scores. Mean The average score. Standard Deviation How variable scores are from the mean. Dyslexia Symptoms - Lack of phonological processing - Verbal short term memory. - Articulation speed RAN - Rapid Automatized Naming Measures how quickly individuals can name aloud. - objects - pictures - color - symbols Dyslexia Learning Disability A language based learning disability where children do not pick up the patterns of a language. Executive Function Disability Inability to direct or regulate focus on the planning, carrying out, and completion of day to day or long term activities. Dyspraxia Disability Disorder that affects motor skill development Cerebral Cortex Outermost layer of the brain. Part of the brain involved in high-level processing. Broca's Frontal Lobe Higher Order Functioning (Language) Parietal Lobe Kinesthetic/Body Awareness Occipital Lobe Vision Temporal Lobe Speech center/Auditory Processing Center Phonological Awareness Refers to oral language. Phonics Refers to print