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CTB 5: Assessing performance of the cardiopulmonary system $10.36
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CTB 5: Assessing performance of the cardiopulmonary system
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  • Course
  • Cardiovascular and thoracic biology
  • Institution
  • Imperial College London (ICL)

Lecture notes from Imperial College London, Medical Biosciences BSc, 2nd year, cardiovascular and thoracic biology (CTB) module. Lecture 5 on some of the techniques that we can use to evaluate the way the heart and lungs are working. These techniques are routinely used in the clinical evaluation...

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Document information

  • September 27, 2023
  • 5
  • 2022/2023
  • Class notes
  • Duncan rogers
  • All classes

Subjects

  • cardiology
  • cardiovascular
  • thoracic
  • cardiothoracic
  • performance
  • cardiopulmonary
  • system
  • heart
  • lung
  • airways
  • techniques
  • clinical
  • patient
  • athlete
  • exercise
  • respiratory
  • adaptation

Written for

  • Imperial College London (ICL)
  • Unknown
  • Cardiovascular and thoracic biology
All documents for this subject (9)

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Performance of cardiopulmonary system
How is hea.rt and lung function controlled ?
⑪




- heart produces its rhythm generated by specialised cells in the RA: sinoatrial nodes
=> depolarise => heart contraction
- intrinsic depolarisation rate = 110 beats per min
=> limited by the parasympathetic ‘brake’ (=frein)
- autonomic nervous system:
=> balance bw sympathetic & parasympathetic
=> controlled by cardiovascular control centre (in medulla oblongata)
=> at rest: PNS predominates => 72 bpm

Control of breathing
- voluntary control of our breathing (unlike heart): talking, coughing, holding our breathe...
=> controlled by motor cortex in pre-frontal gyrus
=> involve the phrenic nerves: send impulses from medulla to diaphragm




- involuntary control: respiratory control centre (in medulla oblongata) alters rate/ depth of breathing
=> afferent (sensory) signals affect rhythm via chemoreceptors (arterial CO2 conc)

regulate higher centres +
peripheral sensory neurons

, - diaphragm contraction: negative pressure in thorax => inspiration
- relaxation of diaphragm: positive pressure in thorax => exhalation

Interaction between control of hea.rt & lung function a



- activation of inspiration muscles inhibits vagus nerve (PNS) innervation of the heart
=> interbeat interval (= time bw triggered heart beats) is shorter during inspiration




How does exercise affect the cardiopulmonary system
- physical activity = biochemical movement produced by muscoskeletal system requiring metabolic E
- exercise = physical activity with a purposeful increase in E exprenditure
- anaerobic exercise (“power”) = high intensity + short duration
=> rely on E stored within muscles
- aerobic exercise (“endurance”) = low intensity + long duration
=> rely on steady supply of O2 & nutrients to muscles

Upregulating cardiopulmonary system during exercise
- skeletal muscles shorten & lengthen
=> activate afferents nerves (attached to mechanoreceptors)
=> immediate increase in ventilation (VE): breathing frequency increase + deepen
=> plateau phase = steady state: peripheral chemoreceptors balance supply & demand
-

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