Exam 1: NURS611/ NURS 611 (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update ) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Review| Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A - Maryville Q: ADH (water retention) and perception of thirst are stimulated by? Answer: Increased plasma osmolality Q: Osmolality increases or decreases with dehydration? Answer: Increases Q: Osmolality increases or decreases with over hydration Answer: Decreases Q: What is a normal sodium level? Answer: 135-145 meq/l Q: Sodium is Answer: Regulator of fluids, responsible for conduction of nerve impulses Q: Causes of hypernatremia Answer: 1. Inadequate free water intake 2. Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution 3. Over secretion of aldosterone Q: Clinical manifest ations of Hypernatremia Answer: Confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, coma because there is too much sodium in the vascular space, so water is drawn from the cell to compensate. This can cause the cells in the brain to shrink and this causes the a bove problems Q: Causes of Hyponatremia Answer: 1. Sodium deficit: vomiting, diuretics, diarrhea 2. Diluted I.V. solutions hypotonic like d5w 3. Kidney failure 4. Liver failure Q: Signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia Answer: Headache, lethargy, confusion, seizurres, coma Q: Normal Potassium levels Answer: 3.5-5.0 Q: Potassium is the major determinant of Answer : Resting membrane potential which transmits nerve impulses Q: Causes of Hyperkalemia Answer: Renal Failure, Addison's disease, insulin deficiency, metabolic acidosis, massive trauma Q: How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? Answer: Insulin transports potassium and glucose from the blood to the cell . Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma potassium levels by stimulating the Na, K, ATPase pump, therefore promoting movement of potassium into the liver and muscle cells simultan eously with glucose Q: Symptoms of Hyperkalemia Answer: Fatigue, N/V, trouble breathing, cardiac arrrythmias Q: Manifestations of Hyperkalemia
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