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PSYCH 103 FINAL EXAM 2023 COMPLETE
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PSYCH 103 FINAL EXAM 2023 COMPLETE
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Thursday, June 4, 2015Psych 103
Final Fair Game Sheet
Anxiety Disorders
- Panic Disorder
• DSM-5 Description:
- Recurrent unexpected panic attacks
• panic attacks: periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within
10 minutes and gradually pass
- At least 4 of the following: palpitations of heart, tingling in hands or feet, shortness
of breath, sweating, hot and cold flashes, trembling, chest pains, choking
sensations, faintness, dizziness, and feeling of unreality
- a month or more of one of the following symptoms after at least one of the attacks
• persistent concern or worry about having additional attacks
• significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks
• One-year prevalence = ~2.3%; Lifetime prevalence ~3.5%
• Develops mostly during late teens
• Females > Males = ~2:1
• can be triggered in susceptible people by:
- (a) yohimbine — sympathetic NS stimulant — sold as an aphrodisiac, raises blood
pressure
- (b) sodium lactate — exercise waste-product — byproduct of muscle metabolism and
can build up in blood
- (c) Caffeine, nicotine — sympathetic NS stimulant
- (d) Marijuana
• may not be due to the substances but to the fact that Panic Disorder sufferers seem to
be more attuned to internal sensations
• Explanations:
- Biological Perspective:
• irregular increased activity of norepinephrine
- locus ceruleus
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• amygdala, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, central gray matter, locus
ceruleus
- panic reactions are produced in part by a brain circuit connecting these
- amygdala is stimulated >> “alarm-and-escape” response (similar to panic reaction)
• this abnormality may be due to the predispositions for some to develop such
abnormalities is inherited
- Cognitive Perspective
• panic prone people are very sensitive to internal sensation — may interpret them as
signs of medical catastrophe
• biological challenge tests
- produce hyperventilation or other biological sensations by administering drugs/
instructing clinical research participants to breathe, exercise, simply think in certain
ways
• those with panic disorder experience more upset than those without
• Anxiety sensitivity: focus on bodily sensations much of the time, unable to assess
them logically and interpret them as potentially harmful
• Treatments
- dietary/medication control (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, marijuana)
- Anxiolytic medications (benzodiazepines, mainly Xanax)
• for acute use only — because Xanax causes rebound anxiety
• longer-lasting benzodiazepines (e.g., Ativan, Klonopin) indicated
- Antidepressant medication (mainly SSRI’s) chronically as preventative
- Psychotherapy:
• cognitive therapy: normalization, de-catastrophizing, paced metronomic breathing
• supportive therapy
- Agoraphobia
• Those that suffer from agoraphobia are afraid of being in public places or situations where
escape might be difficult or help unavailable, should they experience panic or become
incapacitated
• Females > Males = 2:1 ratio
• Socioeconomic Status. Poor > Rich.
• typically develops in their 20s or 30s
• Explanations:
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- classical conditioning, modeling, and stimulus generalizations
• Commonly co-diagnosed with panic disorder
• Treatments:
- systematic desensitization (in vivo), support, and/or coaxing
• have clients venture farther and farther from homes to gradually enter outside places,
one step at a time
- Support groups
- Home based self-help programs: give clients and families detailed instructors for carrying
out exposure treatments themselves
- Antidepressant medication to block recurrence of panic attacks
- Social anxiety disorder.
• DSM-5 Description:
- Marked, disproportionate, and persistent fear or anxiety about one or more social
situations in which individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others, typically lasting 6
months or more
- Fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others
- Anxiety is almost always produced by exposure to the social situation
- Avoidance of feared situations (can be generalized or occur in specific situations)
• Common “performance situations”
- Public speaking (Toastmasters)
- Public restroom use
- Going to parties
- Eating in front of others
- Bedroom (some erectile dysfunction, some orgasmic dysfunctions)
- Significant distress or impairment
- 1/3 of sufferers are very disabled and are more likely to be depressed, divorced,
unemployed, or under-employed
• Since it is often kept secret, their social reluctance is often seen as snobbery, lack of
interest or hostility
• 1 year prevalence of ~8%, lifetime prevalence up to 15%
• Females > Males. 1.5:1
• Explanations:
- Social beliefs and expectations that work against them
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• hold unrealistically high social standards and so believe that they must perform
perfectly in social situations
• view themselves as unattractive social beings
• view themselves as socially unskilled and inadequate
• believe they are always in danger of behaving incompetently in social situations
• believe that inept behaviors in social situations will inevitably lead to terrible
consequences
• believe that they have no control over feelings of anxiety that emerge during social
situations
• Treatments:
- Reducing social fears:
• Medications (benzodiazepines and/or SSRI’s)
• Exposure therapy: exposure to the social fears and remain until fears subside —
gradual = includes homework assignments
• Group therapy
• Cognitive therapies:
- rational-emotive therapies
- Social skills training
• modeling
- show clients appropriate social behaviors and encourage them to try it out
• role-play
- rehearse their new behaviors with therapist until they become effective
- therapist provides frank feedback and reinforce clients for effective performances
through praise
• reinforcement through social skills training groups and assertiveness training
groups is far more effective than from therapist alone
- Specific phobias (types).
• DSM Description:
- Marked, persistent, and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation, typically
lasting 6 months or more
- Immediate anxiety is usually produced by exposure to the object
- Avoidance of the feared situation
- Significant distress or impairment
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