Exam (elaborations)

STS Final Exam Updated 2023 with complete solution

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STS

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Uploaded on September 28, 2023
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Type Exam (elaborations)
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sts final exam updated 2023 with complete solution

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STS Final Exam Updated 2023 with complete solution
what effect do metaphors have on the complex questions we're discussing?
metaphors further mystify the question at hand
how are world wars a combination of past fighting techniques and the future
world?
both horseback and machine guns were used
does Winner advocate for a more inclusive definition of progress?
yes
who is to blame for the "outsourcing pineapples" issue?
society
what is the most likely explanation for the Dunbar number being 150, but we
connect to more than 150 people on social media?
we've sliced the 150 connections into smaller and smaller pieces, or we have people
cycling in and out of our lives
what are the 2 reasons philosophy of technology never got underway?
(1) we think the only way to make progress is by inventing new machines
(2) we think the human relationship w technology is too obvious to merit serious
reflection
who coined the term "forms of life"?
wittgenstein
who coined the term "modes of life"?
karl marx
what are 3 technologies that created entirely new human behaviors?
air travel, space travel, and genetic engineering
what does Marx say will happen as we move toward a state of general wealth?
Marx argues that if people spent less time on "work", they could enrich their individuality
and become multidimensional
what does Marx's "modes of life" prove?
that social changes are not just an after-effect of technology
how are we all "makers of the iPhone"?
because the makers can't make them without us. we signal to the makers when we
want something, and we fund the makers.
is culture static or dynamic? and why?
dynamic because it entails changing relationships between what is old and what is
being reconfigured
what is tradition?
the meanings, values, artifacts, and practices that are handed down to us
what is selection?
the selecting, challenging, and arranging of these artifacts and ideas in everyday life in
the interaction with changing material circumstances
what is culture?
the process whereby tradition is reconfigured in the historical conditions of everyday life.
culture is both the experiences we are born into and how these are challenged or
reinforced through our experiences of the world
what are the 3 categorical features of culture?

, dominant, residual, and emergent
_____________________________ is an example of emergent culture, while
___________________ is an example of residual culture
biotechnology, the idea that the earth is flat
what does Williams call "culture as a whole way of life"
the particular formation of dominant, residual, and emergent cultures at any point in time
which 4 things influence the shape and direction of cultural change?
1) individual changes of mind
2) the efforts of individuals and organizations to do things differently
3) structural changes in institutions
4) responses to changes in material circumstances
what is an informal definition of the received view?
why what we believe what we believe about technology, why we do what we do in
relation to technology, how culture is organized to promote particular values and
practices involving technology at the expense of others
how is culture a determining factor for technology?
the moment we're having right now has been pre-determined by people and their tools
in history
how do our authors say that we express ourselves?
through our tools
what does the received view include?
dominant, residual, emergent, tradition and selection, all on an everyday basis
what is our lens through which we view the world?
the received view
what are 2 examples of technology being the spawn of genius inventors?
Eli Whitney's cotton gin and Guttenburg's printing press
what are the 3 things that schooling teaches us that impacts the received view?
1) invention is the purview of individuals, geniuses for the most part
2) as we develop new technologies, we become different kinds of human beings
3) technology is an end, as well as a means to an end
how are we taught that as we develop new technologies, we become different
kinds of human beings?
our history goes through technological ages that define who we were at those times.
Stone Age, bronze age, Iron Age, electrical age, ect.
what are the benefits of using the term "technological culture", instead of
"technology and culture"?
the term helps prevent compartmentalizing culture and technology and helps us
understand that human culture has always existed in relation to technology. it
acknowledges interrelations and interconnections
why do our authors critique the received view?
so that we can create a better one
what is the problem with learning that technology is the creation of geniuses?
it makes the geniuses the "makers" and us just the "users", which takes away our sense
of responsibility.
after a genius creates an original idea, how are we still responsible for it?

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