AS Unit F962 - European and World History Period Studies
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For IB History SL/HL Paper 2 Authoritarian Leaders. Detailed notes for essays and revision on the Rise of Adolf Hitler as an Authoritarian Leader: Conditions of Rise and Methods Used to Establish Hitler’s Authoritarian State. Done by a student who scored 7 in History HL with a 7 in all componen...
AS Unit F962 - European and World History Period Studies
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By: YourFaveGeek • 6 year ago
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Rise of Hitler
Conditions of Rise:
War - Impact of WW1 Following WW1, Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles:
-Accepted full blame for the war, massive £6.6 billion reparations,
union with Austria (Anschluss) forbidden, self-determination denied to
Germans leaving in Sudetenland etc., demilitarized Rhineland, corridor
of land given to Poland leading to separation of East Prussia form
mainland Germany,
Restricted armed services, navy limited to 5 ships, 100,000 army limits,
conscription banned
-NB also “Stab in the Back” Theory (Der Dolchstoss) that socialist
Jewish politicians betrayed the armed services and the German people
by signing the Armistice while Germany could have fought on.
Supported by Hindenburg and Ludendorff (both Generals and leaders
of German Army, Ludendorff: support for Nazis in Munich Putsch and
Hindenburg later President)
-Effects deep felt due to 1923 French march into the Ruhr. Passive
resistance and strikes (stop of industrial production) leads to
hyperinflation
-Also Dawes Plan which eventually leads to financial crisis as the loans
are recalled following the Wall Street Crush. Dawes Plan signed
because Germany could not pay the reparations
Economic Factors -Wall Street Crush 1929 leads to the USA calling back Dawes Plan loans
and stop pf the financial merry-go-round (collapse of the export
Summary: Creates conditions when market), also collapse of Creditanstalt (a major Austrian bank)
anti-democratic parties (e.g. NSDAP, -Leads to financial crisis in Germany
1931 currency crisis
KPD) flourish, political radicalization
but does not guarantee fall of -Result: by 1932 German unemployment quadrupled from 2 million in
democracy 1929 to nearly 6 million in 1932
(a third of Germans without regular wages)
-However, many experts have suggested that by 1933 the German
economy started to recover.
-Increased appeal of NSDAP and KPD (political polarity) who blamed
Weimar for inaction and promised a prosperous future:
-5 Reichstag elections contended in 2 years 1930-1933. Political
radicalization is apparent as votes for anti-Weimar parties increased:
-E.g. NSDAP: 1928: 2.6% (12 seats), 1930: 18.3% (107 seats);
KPD: 1928: 10.6%, 1930: 13.6%
-July 1932: NSDAP largest party in Reichstag with 230 seats (37.3%) –
but no majority of the vote
-BUT decline to 196 seats (33.1%) in November 1932 suggests decline
in support for the Nazis.
-1932 Presidential Election: Hindenburg wins in the second ballot
-NB Lack of landslide victory in elections suggests NSDAP could not win control
over Germany through democratic means.
Weakness of Political System -Political instability (collapse of the Grand Coalition of moderate parties
(majority of Reichstag) in 1930)-> leads to political weakness
-Situation was hard to stabilize e.g. Kurt von Schleicher’s attempt to
NB Nazis never win majority. Even in organize a coalition between center and Gregor Strasser’s socialist
Nazis failed
the March 1933 election they win
288 seats – 44% of the votes Flawed Constitution:
-Article 48: rule by decree
Link to economic factors:
-Heinrich Brüning’s “haircut” budget (cut government spending,
austerity) – budget rejected by Reichstag so to pass it he implemented
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