celbiologie samenvatting 1ste bachelor logopedische en audiologische wetenschappen
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Course
Celbiologie (E0F16A)
Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Dit is een samenvatting van de lessen en cursus van professor Veerle Janssens. Het is een redelijk gedetailleerde samenvatting aangezien de prof dit erg belangrijk vind. Ik ben geslaagd door het studeren van enkel deze samenvatting.
DE CHEMIE VAN DE CEL ....................................................................................................... 5
De chemische belangstelling van de cellen: algemeen ....................................................................................... 5
Het belang van H2O......................................................................................................................................... 5
het belang van koolstof (C) ............................................................................................................................. 6
Het belang van selectief permeabele membranen .......................................................................................... 7
Het belang van grote biomoleculen, vaak polymeren van kleinere bouwstenen ............................................. 7
Het belang van zelf-assemblage in een cel ...................................................................................................... 8
De belangrijkste macromoleculen: opbouw en structuur .................................................................................. 8
Eiwitten of proteïnen ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Suikers of polysacchariden ............................................................................................................................ 10
Nucleïnezuren (en ATP) ................................................................................................................................ 12
Vetten of lipiden ........................................................................................................................................... 14
STRUCTUUR VAN EEN DIERLIJKE CEL .................................................................................. 17
De celmembraan .............................................................................................................................................. 18
De kern ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
De organellen ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Het Endoplasmatisch Reticulum (ER) ............................................................................................................ 21
Het Golgi apparaat (GA) en endosomen ........................................................................................................ 21
De lysosomen ............................................................................................................................................... 22
De peroxisomen............................................................................................................................................ 23
De mitochondriën ......................................................................................................................................... 23
Het cytoplasma ................................................................................................................................................ 24
FUNCTIES VAN DE CELORGANELLEN .................................................................................. 26
De celmembraan: communicatie tussen de cel en ‘de buitenwereld’ .............................................................. 26
Passief transport: diffusie (osmose, carriers, ionenkanalen), evenwichtspotentiaal ...................................... 26
De rustpotentiaal van een cel ....................................................................................................................... 29
Actief transport: ionenpompen, symporters en uitwisselaars ....................................................................... 30
Endocytose en exocytose .............................................................................................................................. 31
Cel-cel communicatie: de extracellulaire matrix, cel ECM en cel-cel adhesie, juncties................................... 33
De kern: het genetisch centrum van een cel .................................................................................................... 36
DNA: structuur, vormen, condensatie ........................................................................................................... 36
Genexpressie (deel 1): transcriptie en RNA afwerking ................................................................................... 38
DNA replicatie............................................................................................................................................... 41
DNA- herstel ................................................................................................................................................. 42
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, De nucleolus ................................................................................................................................................. 43
Cytosol, ER, en endosomen: belangrijk in de biosynthese van eiwitten .......................................................... 44
Opbouw van ribosomen................................................................................................................................ 44
Eiwit translatie .............................................................................................................................................. 44
Genexpressie (deel 2): translatie................................................................................................................... 44
Post-translationele modificaties van eiwitten ............................................................................................... 46
Eiwit sortering en transport .......................................................................................................................... 49
Mitochondriën: energieproductie in een cel .................................................................................................... 54
CELSIGNALERING EN SIGNAALTRANSDUCTIE ...................................................................... 54
Signaaltransductie via elektrische signalen ...................................................................................................... 62
Neuronen en synapsen ................................................................................................................................. 63
Neuronale signaaltransductie ....................................................................................................................... 65
Signaaltransductie via mechanische signalen .................................................................................................. 70
Het oor ......................................................................................................................................................... 70
Werking van de haarcellen en de stereocilia ................................................................................................. 71
Ciliaire en flagellaire beweging ........................................................................................................................ 73
Beweging via podiën ........................................................................................................................................ 75
dynamiek van het actine cytoskelet .............................................................................................................. 75
Vorming van podiën en microvilli.................................................................................................................. 76
Migratie in 2 dimensies: planaire migratie .................................................................................................... 77
Migratie in 3 dimensies................................................................................................................................. 77
Contractie ......................................................................................................................................................... 78
Gestreept spieren (skeletspieren), gladde spieren en de hartspier................................................................ 78
De contractiele structuur van een skeletspier ............................................................................................... 78
De spiercontractie ........................................................................................................................................ 79
Neuronale controle van de spiercontractie ................................................................................................... 80
Contractie in de hartspier ............................................................................................................................. 81
contractie in gladde spieren .......................................................................................................................... 82
Celdeling verloopt in fasen ............................................................................................................................... 83
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, Cycline-afhankelijke kinasen (CDKs): de motoren van de cyclus ...................................................................... 86
Celcyclus ‘checkpoints’: intrinsieke en extrinsieke controlepunten ................................................................. 87
De meiose......................................................................................................................................................... 90
Celdood ............................................................................................................................................................ 92
Necrose versus apoptose .............................................................................................................................. 93
Apoptose: intrinsieke en extrinsieke signalering ........................................................................................... 93
TOEPASSING – INTEGRATIE VAN DE LEERSTOF ................................................................... 96
De regeling van de bloedsuikerspiegel ............................................................................................................. 96
Biosynthese en secretie van insuline en glucagon ......................................................................................... 97
Insuline en glucagon induceren specifieke signaleringscascades in hun doelwitcellen .................................. 98
Verstoring van de bloedsuiker-homeostase geeft aanleiding tot suikerziekte ............................................... 99
Biologie van een zieke cel: kankercellen .......................................................................................................... 99
De typische eigenschappen van kankercellen (the hallmarks of cancer) ...................................................... 100
Hoe verkrijgen kankercellen hun specifieke eigenschappen ........................................................................ 100
Kankertherapie ........................................................................................................................................... 101
Hoofd-/halstumoren ................................................................................................................................... 102
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