Royal Veterinary college BVETMED1
CVRS Module - Full content
Lectures covered;
DEFENSIVE BARRIERS
INTRODUCTION TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
HEARTBEAT AND THE CARDIAC CYCLE
REGULATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM I
REGULATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM II
STRUCTURE OF LUNGS AND RESPIRA...
WEEK 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
DEFENSIVE BARRIERS ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
INTRODUCTION TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM .............................................................................................................. 4
HEARTBEAT AND THE CARDIAC CYCLE ................................................................................................................................. 7
REGULATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM I ................................................................................................................ 9
REGULATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM II ............................................................................................................ 11
WEEK 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
STRUCTURE OF LUNGS AND RESPIRATORY TRACT ............................................................................................................... 14
GAS EXCHANGE AND G AS C ARRIAGE ................................................................................................................................ 16
,WEEK 1
DEFENSIVE BARRIERS
Appreciate how different epithelial surfaces have adapted for function.
Discuss why epithelial surfaces are susceptible to environmental factors that can cause disease.
Discuss adaptations of skin, respiratory tract and alimentary tract to protect against environmental insults such
as trauma and infectious agents.
Skin loses elasticity with age > more susceptible to transmission with aging
Defensive barriers
Commensal flora = friendly bacteria that can destroy dangerous pathogens
Langerhans cells = take up protein/debris, present it to immune system to cause a
response, can cause allergic reactions
Sebaceous glands = Water repellent , containing anti-microbial properties
Keratinocytes = Detect and respond to infection, contain receptors
Beta-defensins = Small peptides that contain anti-microbial properties, they disrupt
membrane or interfere with intracellular functions > HBD1 in humans
Keratinocytes
➢ Produce cytokines (Immunological hormones)
➢ Produce chemokines (Cell migration factors, attract white blood cells in conc gradient)
Mucous
➢ Traps microns
➢ Contains antibodies, antioxidants etc
➢ Antimicrobials such as lysozymes
➢ Water and electrolytes
➢ Has a muscociliary escalator = this can be dampened with age, illness or smoking/pollutants
Impairment of the escalator can cause bacterial bronchopneumonia as a secondary infection
Alveolar macrophages
- Main line of defence against inhaled pathogens
- Derived from blood monocytes and interstitial macrophages
- Undertake phagocytosis, also present antigens to t-cells
Alimentary tract as a defensive barrier
, Oral cavity/oesophagus = prehension, digestion with salivary enzymes
Stomach = sterilisation and digestion of food, contains pepsin and mucous
Small intestine defence
➢ Contains Cryptidins which are toxic to bacteria and synthesised by Paneth cells in intestinal crypts
Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GIT) = factor where you make immune responses
Contains IgA (mucosal protective antibody)
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