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Samenvatting psychologie TEW, met verwijzingen handboek $8.85
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Samenvatting psychologie TEW, met verwijzingen handboek

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Ik heb ter voorbereiding van dit examen het handboek van Psychologie 2x volledig gelezen en alle belangrijke details eruit gehaald om in 1 samenvatting te zetten.

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  • October 2, 2023
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  • 2022/2023
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Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: Om te beginnen........................................................................................................................ 6
Onderzoeksmethoden:.........................................................................................................................................6
Naturalistische observatie:..............................................................................................................................6
Gevalstudie:.....................................................................................................................................................7
Interviews:.......................................................................................................................................................7
Survey:.............................................................................................................................................................7
Tests:................................................................................................................................................................7
Correlationeel onderzoek:...............................................................................................................................7
Experimentele studie:......................................................................................................................................7
Om te onthouden:................................................................................................................................................8

Hoofdstuk 2: Pavlovs hond en Thorndikes kat................................................................................................9
2 soorten conditionering:.....................................................................................................................................9
Klassieke of Pavloviaanse conditionering:.......................................................................................................9
Operante of instrumentale conditionering:..................................................................................................10
Secundaire bekrachtiging, shaping en chaining voor het moeilijkere werk:.....................................................10
De bijgeloof experimenten:................................................................................................................................11
Operante conditionering en de behavioristische visie op gedrag: zelfherkenning bij duiven:...........................11
Andere soorten van leergedrag:........................................................................................................................11
Om te onthouden:..............................................................................................................................................12

Hoofdstuk 3: De wortel en de stok............................................................................................................... 13
Onverwacht gedrag van kinderen en volwassenen:..........................................................................................13
Het principe van de wortel en de stok:...............................................................................................................13
Beloningen, stereotypie en problemen oplossen:..............................................................................................13
Joodse wijsheid:..................................................................................................................................................14
Motivatie als drijvende kracht:..........................................................................................................................14
Meer zakgeld voor een goed rapport?...............................................................................................................14
Betalen per prestatie:.........................................................................................................................................14
Hij en zij wel, maar ik niet:.................................................................................................................................15
Wie braaf is, krijgt lekkers, wie stout is de roe:.................................................................................................15
Skinners principes bij duiven en bij mensen … uit verschillende culturen:.........................................................15
Om te onthouden:..............................................................................................................................................16

Hoofdstuk 4: Herinneringen......................................................................................................................... 17
Een algemeen model van het geheugen:...........................................................................................................17
Het geheugen van ooggetuigen:........................................................................................................................18
Vertekeningen die ontstaan bij het inprenten van informatie:..........................................................................18
Beïnvloeding tijdens het bewaren:.....................................................................................................................18
Vervaagt de tijd traumatische herinneringen?..................................................................................................19
Herinneringen oproepen....................................................................................................................................19

, Herinneringen inplanten....................................................................................................................................19
Verdrongen herinneringen: feit of fictie?...........................................................................................................19
Om te onthouden:..............................................................................................................................................20

Hoofdstuk 5: Is daar iemand?....................................................................................................................... 21
Sociale belemmering en sociale facilitatie.........................................................................................................21
Integratiehypothese (van Zajonc)......................................................................................................................21
Sociale facilitatie op de werkvloer.....................................................................................................................22
Sociaal parasiteren.............................................................................................................................................22
Stiekem profiteren..............................................................................................................................................22
Sociaal parasiteren begrepen vanuit de sociale -activeringstheorie.................................................................22
Waarvoor zoek je nu best gezelschap?..............................................................................................................22
Om te onthouden:..............................................................................................................................................23

Hoofdstuk 6: Wat doen anderen?................................................................................................................. 24
Van sociale beïnvloeding naar innerlijke acceptatie:.........................................................................................24
Van sociale beïnvloeding naar ongewenste interpertaties................................................................................24
Van sociale beïnvloeding naar openlijke volgzaamheid....................................................................................24
Omstandigheden en mate van conformisme.....................................................................................................25
De invloed van het aantal..................................................................................................................................25
Conformisme door informatieve beïnvloeding...................................................................................................25
Een ander dissident in de groep: wat nu?..........................................................................................................25
Is conformisme historisch en cultureel bepaald?...............................................................................................25
Gewenste en ongewenste effecten van normatieve sociale invloed.................................................................25
Innovatie, of hoe een minderheid toch invloed kan uitoefenen.........................................................................26
Gehoorzaamheid aan een autoriteit..................................................................................................................26
Situationele beïnvloeding...................................................................................................................................27
informationele beïnvloeding..............................................................................................................................27
De experimenten van Milgram en de medewerkster van McDonald’s..............................................................27
Het effect van situationele factoren bij het helpen van mensen in nood..........................................................27
Hoe meer, hoe minder …....................................................................................................................................27
Om te onthouden:..............................................................................................................................................28

Hoofdstuk 7: Waarom doet die dat?............................................................................................................. 29
Causale attributie of de vraag waarom iemand zich zo gedraagt.....................................................................29
Gebrek aan consenus.........................................................................................................................................29
Opvallendheid....................................................................................................................................................30
De fundamentele attributiefout.........................................................................................................................30
Culturele verschillen in attributie.......................................................................................................................30
Het verschil tussen actor en observator.............................................................................................................30

, De taak van een psychotherapeut.....................................................................................................................31
Geef de verklaring die het best in jouw kraam past..........................................................................................32
Attributie en reputatie: situationele crisiscommunicatie...................................................................................32
Blaming the booze … want (enkel) mannen weten waarom.............................................................................32
Om te onthouden:..............................................................................................................................................33

Hoofdstuk 8: Beslissen................................................................................................................................. 34
De wijncollectie van een economist en betaalkaarten......................................................................................34
De paradox van Sint-Petersburg en de expected utility theory.........................................................................34
Assumpties voor rationeel handelen..................................................................................................................34
Aanpassingen aan de expected utility theory....................................................................................................34
Nog meer paradoxen.........................................................................................................................................35
Allaisparadox.................................................................................................................................................35
Elsbergparadox..............................................................................................................................................35
Intransiviteit...................................................................................................................................................35
Schending van het invariantieprincipe..........................................................................................................35
Prospect theory: psychologie voor economen...................................................................................................36
Waardefunctie....................................................................................................................................................36
Verwoording: wat heb ik te verliezen/wat kan ik erbij winnen?.......................................................................36
Framing: what’s in a word?...............................................................................................................................36
Beslissen over leven en dood..............................................................................................................................36
Beslissingsgewichten..........................................................................................................................................37
Zekerheidseffect.................................................................................................................................................37
Teleurstelling......................................................................................................................................................37
Om te onthouden:..............................................................................................................................................37

Hoofdstuk 9: keizen en oordelen.................................................................................................................. 38
Representativiteitsheuristiek..............................................................................................................................38
Linda-effect.........................................................................................................................................................38
Wanneer minder meer wordt.............................................................................................................................38
Wanneer weinig niet genoeg is..........................................................................................................................38
The gambler’s fallecy.........................................................................................................................................39
De beste stuurlui .. kennen geen toeval.............................................................................................................39
Intuïtieve experts vs droge statistiek..................................................................................................................39
Verdelingslogica.................................................................................................................................................40
Regressie naar het gemiddelde..........................................................................................................................41
Waaraan doet dit je denken? De kracht van de availibilityheuristiek...............................................................41
Hoe waarschijnlijk is het? Redeneren met probabiliteiten................................................................................42
Omkeren van voorwaardelijke probabiliteiten..................................................................................................42
De fout van optimisten.......................................................................................................................................42
Dat kan geen toeval zijn!...................................................................................................................................42

, Self-fulfilling prophecies.....................................................................................................................................43
Verankering en aanpassing: over de Beatles en vastgoedmakelaars...............................................................43
Thinking fast and slow: de tweeprocessentheorie van Stanovich en West.......................................................43
Om te onthouden:..............................................................................................................................................44

Hoofdstuk 10: (on)eerlijkheid....................................................................................................................... 45
Ook professoren en assistenten zijn niet heilig..................................................................................................45
Rationele oneerlijkheid.......................................................................................................................................45
Even rekenen......................................................................................................................................................45
Zijn mensen ‘blinde’ geldwolven........................................................................................................................45
Schipperen tussen eerlijk en oneerlijk................................................................................................................46
Slim, slimmer, slimst...........................................................................................................................................46
Van bedrog naar zelfbedrog..............................................................................................................................46
Ik oneerlijk? Dat kan ik me niet herinneren.......................................................................................................47
Vlucht het stelen en bedriegen…........................................................................................................................47
… want God ziet u!.............................................................................................................................................47
Het had ook anders kunnen zijn ….....................................................................................................................47
Te moet om eerlijk te zijn...................................................................................................................................47
Geef ons gewoon de tijd.....................................................................................................................................48
Maar hij deed het ook!.......................................................................................................................................48
Zeg me hoe betrouwbaar je bent…....................................................................................................................48
Liegen voor het goede doel................................................................................................................................49
… en liegen voor zichzelf (vervormd als liegen voor anderen)...........................................................................49
Oneerlijkheid als antwoord op oneerlijkheid.....................................................................................................49
Wij en zij.............................................................................................................................................................50
Zelfs als het toeval bepaalt................................................................................................................................50
Gelijk oversteken................................................................................................................................................50
Eerlijkheid: een monkey business?.....................................................................................................................51
Experimenteel oneerlijkhgeidsonderzoek samengevat......................................................................................51
En dan is er nog altijd de biecht.........................................................................................................................51
Een goede verstaander heeft maar een half woord nodig................................................................................51
Om te onthouden:..............................................................................................................................................52

Hoofdstuk 11: hoe voel je je?....................................................................................................................... 53
Emotie – émotion – exmovere – emovere..........................................................................................................53
Dierlijke emoties.................................................................................................................................................53
Emotionele gezichten.........................................................................................................................................53
Hoorbare en voelbare emoties...........................................................................................................................53
Een breder palet van emoties............................................................................................................................54
Emoties in Babylonië..........................................................................................................................................54

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