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Architectuur in context B: Samenvatting syllabus Sven Sterken
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Architectuur in context B Hoofdstuk 1 september 2022DE 19E EEUW EN HET HOOGTEPUNT VAN DE BURGERLIJKE CULTUUR ....................................................................................... 8
DRIE OMWENTELINGEN ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Industriële revolutie................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Politieke revolutie ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Socio-culturele revolutie ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
Eerste wereldtentoonstellingen................................................................................................................................................. 9
Private, burgerlijke interieur ................................................................................................................................................... 10
IN WELKE STIJL MOETEN WE BOUWEN? ................................................................................................................................. 10
NIEUWE PROGRAMMA’S..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
nieuwe bouwtechnische principes & materialen ..................................................................................................................... 11
DE ECOLE DES BEAUX-ARTS EN HET STIJLDEBAT....................................................................................................................................... 12
De archeologische benadering van de architectuur ................................................................................................................ 12
ontwerp als oefening in een compositie .................................................................................................................................. 12
VOORBEELDEN: ................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Opera van Parijs, Charles Garnier, 1857-1874 & Penn Station in New York, McKim, Mead and White, 1910 ..................... 13
Centrale concept: ‘stijl’ ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
Heinrich Hübsch, ‘In Welcher Style Sollen Wir Bauen?’ .......................................................................................................................... 13
HISTORI(CI)SME ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
neogotiek................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Bloei neogotiek in Vlaanderen................................................................................................................................................. 14
Provinciaal hof, Markt Brugge, Louis de la Censerie (1887-1892, 1914-1921) ........................................................................................ 14
Postkantoor op de korenmarkt in Gent, Louis Cloquet (1901-1903) ....................................................................................................... 15
Sint-hubertusgalerij in Brussel, J.P. Cluysenaar (1846-1847)................................................................................................................... 15
Vlaamse schouwburg in Brussel, Jean Baes (1887).................................................................................................................................. 15
ECLECTICISME................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
The Dream of the Architect, Thomas Coole (1840) ................................................................................................................................. 16
Koninklijke Sint-Mariakerk in Schaarbeek, Henri van Overstraeten (1844-1853) ................................................................................... 17
Centraal station in Antwerpen, L. De la Censerie (1894-1905) ................................................................................................................ 17
Justitiepaleis in Brussel, Joseph Poelaert (1866-1883) ............................................................................................................................ 17
Japanse toren & chinees paviljoen in Laken, Alexandre Marcel .............................................................................................................. 17
DE AANLOOP NAAR HET MODERNISME .................................................................................................................................. 18
DE NOTIE VAN ‘HEDENDAAGSHEID’ ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Idee van vooruitgang .............................................................................................................................................................. 19
Wilhelm friedrich hegel (1770-1831) ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
Paradox: ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
EUGÈNE-EMMANUEL VIOLET-LE-DUC ................................................................................................................................................... 19
Entretiens sur l’architecture (1863-1872)................................................................................................................................................ 19
Auguste Choisy, Histoire de l’architecture (1899) ................................................................................................................................... 20
GOTTFRIED SEMPER .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Die Vier Elemente Der Baukunst (1851) .................................................................................................................................................. 20
INGENIEURS, DE HERAUTEN VAN DE MODERNITEIT ................................................................................................................................... 21
Bibliothèque Nationale in Parijs, H. Labrouste (1847-1867).................................................................................................................... 21
Saint-Pancras Station, Londen, Barlow & Ordish (1865).......................................................................................................................... 21
Midland Grand Hotel, Sir Gilbert Scott (1868-1874)................................................................................................................................ 21
Les Halles, Parijs, Victor Baltard (1855-1866) .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Meunier in Noisiel, Jules Saulnier (1872) ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Bruggen van Gustave Eiffel over Douro in Porto (1876) en Truyère in Centraal Massief (Pont du Garabit) (1884) ................................ 22
Hall des Machines, Vicor Contamin & Charles Dutert (1889) .................................................................................................................. 22
CONCLUSIE ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
CONTEXT EN BRONNEN .......................................................................................................................................................... 24
................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Warenhuis ‘Old England’, Paul Saintenoy (1899), kunstberg .................................................................................................................. 25
PROTAGONISTEN ................................................................................................................................................................... 26
VICTOR HORTA (1861-1947) ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
Hôtel Tassel (1893-1895) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
solvayhuis (1895-1900) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 27
Hôtel van Eetvelde (1895-1897) .............................................................................................................................................................. 28
Maison de peuple (1896-1899) ................................................................................................................................................................ 28
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, Architectuur in context B Hoofdstuk 1 september 2022
HENRY VAN DE VELDE........................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Villa Bloemenwerf, Ukkel (1895) ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Kunsthochschule (1904) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 29
ANTONI GAUDI................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
sagrada familia evolueerde:..................................................................................................................................................................... 30
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSCH.......................................................................................................................................................... 31
Willow Tea Rooms, Sauchiegall Street, Glasgow ..................................................................................................................................... 31
School of Art, Glasgow (1896-1899, 1906-1910) ..................................................................................................................................... 32
JOSEPH HOFFMANN (1870-1956) ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Palais Stoclet, Brussel (1905-1911) .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
OTTO WAGNER ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
Postparkasse in Wenen (1904-1906) ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
ADOLF LOOS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Ornament und Verbrechen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Haus Am Michaelerplatz, Wenen (1909-1911) ........................................................................................................................................ 36
................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Haus müller .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
CONCLUSIE ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
BETON: EEN HISTORISCH PERSPECTIEF ................................................................................................................................... 39
Romeinen ................................................................................................................................................................................ 39
Kenmerken .............................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Toepassingen........................................................................................................................................................................... 40
3 PIONIERS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 40
FRANÇOIS HENNEBIQUE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Woning in Bourg-la-Reine (1904)............................................................................................................................................................. 41
ERNEST RANSOME ............................................................................................................................................................................ 41
2 kleine bruggen in het Golden Gate Park, San Fransisco, 1886.............................................................................................................. 41
Pacific Coast Borax Factory in Bajonne (NJ, 1897) ................................................................................................................................... 41
Ingalls Building, Cincinnati, eerste wolkenkrabber Amerika (architect: Elzner & Anderson, 1903) ........................................................ 41
ALBERT KAHN (1868 – 1942) ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Ford Highland Park Auto Factory, Detroit (1910) .................................................................................................................................... 42
Ford Rouge, Michigan (1916) ................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Europese autofabriek: FIAT in Turijn (Esnesto Trocco, 1913 – 1915) ...................................................................................................... 43
AUGUSTE PERRET ................................................................................................................................................................... 43
CLASSICISME, RATIONALISM EN PRAGMATISME ....................................................................................................................................... 43
Appartementsgebouw in de 25bis, rue Franklin in Parijs (1903 – 1904) ................................................................................................. 43
NOTRE DAME DU RAINCY.................................................................................................................................................................... 44
LE CORBUSIER EN HET ‘DOM-INO’-PRINCIPE ........................................................................................................................................... 45
DE BURGERLIJKE BOUWKUNST ALS FORMEEL EN TECHNISCH LABORATORIUM ...................................................................... 45
MATERIAALECONOMIE EN ESTHETISCHE VERNIEUWING ............................................................................................................................. 45
Dyckerhoff & Widman ............................................................................................................................................................................. 47
INGENIEURS ALS VERNIEUWERS: EUGÈNE FREYSSINET EN ROBERT MAILLARD ................................................................................................ 47
Freyssinet (1879-1962), Frans ................................................................................................................................................. 47
Maillart (1872-1940), zwitsers ................................................................................................................................................ 48
Pakhuis in Altdorf (1910) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Brug over vallei Tschiel-Bach (1925) en Schwandbach-brug (1933) ........................................................................................................ 49
Paviljoen op de Nationale Landesausstellung in Zürich (1935) ............................................................................................................... 49
TOEPASSINGEN NA WWII .................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Felix Candela ........................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Restaurant Los Manantiales in Xochimilco, Mexico stad (1958) ............................................................................................................. 50
CONCLUSIE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 50
BOUWEN IN DE HOOGTE ........................................................................................................................................................ 52
Henry Hobson Richardson, Marshall Field Wholesale store in Chicago (1885-87) .................................................................................. 53
CHICAGO: DE BAKERMAT VAN DE WOLKENKRABBER ............................................................................................................. 53
HET ONSTSTAAN VAN EEN TYPE ............................................................................................................................................................ 53
Home Insurance Building, William Le Baron Jenney, 1883-1885............................................................................................................. 53
Monadnock Building, noordelijke deel: Burnham & Root in 1884 .......................................................................................................... 54
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, Architectuur in context B Hoofdstuk 1 september 2022
Monadnock Building, zuidelijke deel: Holabird & Roche in 1894 ............................................................................................................ 54
Reliance Building (1890-1894), Burnham & Root .................................................................................................................................... 54
‘THE TALL OFFICE BUILDING ARTISTICALLY CONSIDERED’ .......................................................................................................................... 56
Louis Henry Sullivan (1856-1924) en Dankmar Alder .............................................................................................................................. 56
Wainwright Building (1890-1891) en Guaranty Building (1894-1896)..................................................................................................... 57
NEW YORK: EEN ‘ERSATZ HISTORICAL DREAMSCAPE’ ............................................................................................................. 57
HISTORICISME EN MARKETING ............................................................................................................................................................. 57
Flatiron (Fuller) Building, Daniel Burnham, 1909 ..................................................................................................................................... 57
Woolworth Building, Cass gilbert, 1913................................................................................................................................................... 58
DE BUILDING ZONE RESOLUTION (1916) .............................................................................................................................................. 58
Equitable Building, Ernest Graham, 1912-1915 ....................................................................................................................................... 58
Building zone resolution: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58
DE WEDSTRIJD VOOR DE CHICAGO TIBUNE TOWER (1922) ....................................................................................................................... 59
Winnende voorstel: Raymond Hood........................................................................................................................................................ 60
Eliel Saarinen ........................................................................................................................................................................... 60
HOOGTEPUNT EN EINDPUNT VAN DE WOLKENKRABBER ............................................................................................................................. 60
Chrystler Building, William van Alen (1928-1930) ................................................................................................................................... 61
40 Wall Street (nu Trump Building) en Empire State Building ................................................................................................................. 61
Empire State Building, Shreve, Lamb, Harmon, 1931 .............................................................................................................................. 61
Rockefeller Center, Raymond Hood en Associated Architects, 1930 – 1940........................................................................................... 62
REM KOOLHAAS EN DE ‘PROGRAMMATORISCHE INSTABILITEIT’ VAN DE WOLKENKRABBER ................................................................................ 63
Downtown Athletic Health Club .............................................................................................................................................................. 64
Madeleine Vriesendorp, ‘Flagrant Délit’, 1975: ....................................................................................................................................... 64
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT (1869-1959)........................................................................................................................................ 64
NAAR EEN ‘ORGANISCHE” ARCHITECTUUR: DE PRAIRIE HOUSES .................................................................................................................. 64
Frank Lloyd Wright:.................................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Prairie Houses (1900-1911) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Willits House in Highland Park (III.), 1901 ................................................................................................................................................ 66
Robie House in Chicago, 1909.................................................................................................................................................................. 66
EEN KANTOORGEBOUW ALS SCHRIJN: DE LARKIN BUILDING (1904 – 1905) ................................................................................................. 67
CONCLUSIE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 68
DE DEUTSCHER WERKBUND ................................................................................................................................................... 69
Herman Muthesius .................................................................................................................................................................................. 69
Peter Behrens (1868 – 1940) ................................................................................................................................................................... 70
HET BAUHAUS (1919) ............................................................................................................................................................. 71
CONTEXT, EVOLUTIE EN PEDAGOGISCHE MODEL ...................................................................................................................................... 71
Walter Gropius (1883-1969) .................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Johannes Itten (1888-1967) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 72
DE IMPACT VAN DOESBURG ................................................................................................................................................................ 73
Cornelis van Eesteren (1897 – 1988) ....................................................................................................................................................... 74
Schröderhuis in Utrecht (1924)................................................................................................................................................................ 74
1921: Van Doesburg................................................................................................................................................................................. 75
Lazlo Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946) .............................................................................................................................................................. 75
1920: bauhaus verplaatst naar Dessau .................................................................................................................................................... 76
ARCHITECTUUR AAN HET BAUHAUS ...................................................................................................................................................... 77
Haus am Horn, Gorg Muche .................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Siedlung Törten (1926-1928) ................................................................................................................................................................... 77
HET EINDE VAN EEN EXPERIMENT ......................................................................................................................................................... 78
Hannes Meyer (1889-1954) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 78
ADGB Vakbondschool in Bernau (bij Berlijn), 1930 ................................................................................................................................. 78
CONCLUSIE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 79
DE FORMALISERING VAN DE MODERNE ARCHITECTUUR ........................................................................................................ 80
LE CORBUSIER ........................................................................................................................................................................ 81
BIOGRAFISCHE ELEMENTEN EN VORMING ............................................................................................................................................... 81
Villa Schwob (1916-1917) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 82
VERS UNE ARCHITECTURE EN DE ‘5 PUNTEN VAN EEN NIEUWE ARCHITECTUUR’ .............................................................................................. 83
Defenitie van architectuur door le corbusier:.......................................................................................................................................... 83
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, Architectuur in context B Hoofdstuk 1 september 2022
Aanval op de principes van de Beaux Arts ............................................................................................................................................... 83
Samenbrenging van 2 Griekse tempels en 2 auto’s ................................................................................................................................. 84
Analogie met de auto .............................................................................................................................................................................. 84
“vijf punten van de nieuwe architectuur’ ................................................................................................................................................ 85
ARCHITECTUURPRAKTIJK MET PIETTE JEANNERET ..................................................................................................................................... 85
Prototype: ‘Maison Citrohan’ (1919-1922) .............................................................................................................................................. 86
Villa Stein de Monzie, Garges (1926) ....................................................................................................................................................... 87
Villa Savoye in Poissy (1929-1930) ........................................................................................................................................................... 88
Villa Capra (villa rotonda) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 88
DE INVLOED VAN LE CORBUSIER ........................................................................................................................................................... 89
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE ................................................................................................................................................ 90
BIOGRAFISCHE ELEMENTEN EN VORMING ............................................................................................................................................... 90
HET BARCELONA-PAVILJOEN EN DE VILLA TUGENDHAD ............................................................................................................................. 91
Opdracht: Duits paviljoen voor wereldtentoonstelling, Barcelona, 1929 ............................................................................................... 91
Villa Tugendhat in Brno (1930) ................................................................................................................................................................ 92
DE CONSECRATIE VAN DE MODERNE BEWEGING: 4 CRUCIALE MOMENTEN ........................................................................... 92
DE WEISSENHOFSIEDLUNG EN DE OPRICHTING VAN DE CIAM .................................................................................................................... 92
Weissenhofsiedlung ................................................................................................................................................................................. 92
Wedstrijd: Paleis van de Volkerenbond (1926) ....................................................................................................................................... 93
1928: Congres Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM), La Sarraz (zwitserland) ....................................................................... 93
MODERN ARCHITECTURE: INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, MOMA, 1932 ..................................................................................................... 93
SIGFRIED GIEDION: SPACE, TIME, AND ARCHITECTURE (1941) .................................................................................................................. 94
CONCLUSIE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 95
ARCHITECTUUR EN IDEOLOGIE ............................................................................................................................................... 96
VAN IDEALISME TOT IDEALISERING: KUNST EN ARCHITECTUUR IN DE USSR ........................................................................... 96
DE OKTOBERREVOLUTIE VAN 1917....................................................................................................................................................... 96
oktoberrevolutie november 1917............................................................................................................................................................ 97
VAN IDEALISTISCH CONSTRUCTIVISME … ................................................................................................................................................ 98
3 trefwoorden dat constructivisme samenvat:........................................................................................................................ 98
Vladimir Tatlin (1885-1953) .................................................................................................................................................... 99
El Lissitzky (1890-1941) ......................................................................................................................................................... 100
Gebroeders Vesnin: Leonid (1880-1933), Victor (1882-1950) en Alexander (1883-1959) ..................................................... 101
Bijkantoor van de Pravda (russische krant), Sint-Petersburg (toen Leningrad), 1924 ........................................................................... 101
Docenten aan Vkhutemas ...................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Arbeidersclubs werden opgericht .......................................................................................................................................................... 102
Narkomfin-gebouw (1928-1930), Mosei Ginsburg (1892-1946)............................................................................................................ 103
Verschillende types appartementen...................................................................................................................................................... 103
Ivan Leonidov (1902-1959) .................................................................................................................................................................... 104
… TOT ‘SOCIALISTISCH REALISME’ ....................................................................................................................................................... 104
Paleis van de sowjets (1931) ................................................................................................................................................. 105
Beste inzending: le corbusier ................................................................................................................................................................. 105
Stalin verkoos ontwerp van Boris Iofan (1891-1976)............................................................................................................................. 105
HET PALEIS VAN DE VOLKERENBOND ....................................................................................................................................106
Wedstrijd: Paleis van de Volkerenbond in Genève (1929) .................................................................................................................... 107
INSTANT-MONUMENTALITEIT EN PRAGMATISME: ARCHITECTUUR ONDER HET NAZIREGIME ...............................................107
ARCHITECTUUR ALS IDEOLOGISCH INSTRUMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 107
Albert Speer (1905-1981) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 108
DOMESTIEKE ARCHITECTUUR: DE MYTHE VAN DE TRADITIE ....................................................................................................................... 109
............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 109
Kochenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart, Paul Schmitthenner .............................................................................................................................. 109
UTILITAIRE GEBOUWEN: RATIONALITEIT VOOROP ................................................................................................................................... 109
Luchthaven Tempelhof, Berlijn, Ernst Sagebiel, 1936............................................................................................................................ 109
DE WERELDTENTOONSTELLING VAN 1937 .............................................................................................................................110
CONCLUSIE ............................................................................................................................................................................110
Casa del Fascio (1932-1936), Como, Giuseppe Terragni (1904-1943) ................................................................................................... 111
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