Lecture notes from Imperial College London, Medical Biosciences BSc, 2nd year, genetics and genomics (GEN) module.
By comparing the sequences of different species we can identify sequences that have been conserved over long periods of evolution and so are likely to have important biological func...
Comparative Genomics
Genomic variation between species
- genome variations: inter-species/ intra-species
- diversity lies in the DNA
sequence & amount of ncDNA
Comparative sequence analysis
- genome browsers/ database: bioinformatics tool w/ genomes of any species => UCSC & Ensembl
=> can find position of gene, number of exons + aa of ≠ gene transcripts (alternative splicing)...
- conserved sequence = similar sequences in the genome of ≠ species (= orthologs)
=> DNA sequence alignement: to match between 2 sequences (different weightings chosen)
=> exact:
=> mismatch:
=> gaps:
50 %
of 2 % Lexons
- we share 0.75% of our DNA with bananas (50% of human genes have orthologs in bananas)
L
- online sequence comparison programmes (ex: Clustal):
- dash (-) = gap
- star (*) = all sequence
have an identical base
Phylogenetic tree construction
- on clustal: => human & mouse (mammals) are the most similar
=> drosophila diverged + has a ≠ origin to mammals
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