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Samenvatting Maatschappij en Ruimte
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Samenvatting Maatschappij en ruimte, prof Thomas Vanoutrive en Tom Coppens
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Maatschappij en ruimteVASTGOEDMARKTEN.....................................................................................................................................................1
1. INLEIDING .............................................................................................................................................................1
2. DE KANTORENMARKT ..............................................................................................................................................3
2.1. Begrippen en kenmerken ............................................................................................................................3
2.1.1. Begrippen .....................................................................................................................................................................3
2.1.2. Kenmerken....................................................................................................................................................................4
2.2. Bestaand aanbod van kantoren...................................................................................................................6
2.2.1. Kantorenmarkt in Vlaanderen ......................................................................................................................................6
2.2.2. Kantorenmarkt in Brussel .............................................................................................................................................6
2.2.3. Investeringen in de kantorenmarkt ..............................................................................................................................8
2.3. Tendensen ................................................................................................................................................10
2.3.1. Tendens van kantoren.................................................................................................................................................11
2.3.2. Tendens van kantoorachtige .......................................................................................................................................11
2.4. Locatie-eisen .............................................................................................................................................12
3. DETAILHANDEL .....................................................................................................................................................12
3.1. Begrippenkader ........................................................................................................................................12
3.2. Tendensen ................................................................................................................................................13
3.3. Types winkelgebieden ...............................................................................................................................15
3.3.1. Traditionele winkelstraten ..........................................................................................................................................15
3.3.2. Grootschalige detailhandel .........................................................................................................................................16
3.3.3. Shoppingcentra...........................................................................................................................................................17
3.3.4. Factory outlet centra ..................................................................................................................................................18
4. DE WONINGMARKT ...............................................................................................................................................18
4.1. Demografische evoluties in Vlaanderen ....................................................................................................18
4.2. Het woningpark ........................................................................................................................................20
4.3. Stadsvlucht ...............................................................................................................................................22
4.4. Houdingen tegenover nieuwe woonvormen..............................................................................................24
4.5. Betaalbaarheid .........................................................................................................................................25
4.5.1. Woningprijzen.............................................................................................................................................................26
4.5.2. Factoren die de prijs doen stijgen ...............................................................................................................................27
5. BEDRIJVENTERREIN & LOGISTIEK...............................................................................................................................27
5.1. Wat zijn bedrijventerreinen? .....................................................................................................................27
5.2. Wat is het beleidskader.............................................................................................................................28
5.2.1. RSV ..............................................................................................................................................................................28
5.2.2. Problematiek van de zonevreemde bedrijven ............................................................................................................29
5.3. Wat is het aanbod aan bedrijventerreinen ................................................................................................30
5.3.1. Uit GIS-inventaris bedrijventerreinen .........................................................................................................................30
5.3.2. Project “activeringsteams” .........................................................................................................................................31
5.4. Wat is de vraag naar bedrijventerreinen ...................................................................................................31
5.4.1. Extrapolatie van historische uitgifte ...........................................................................................................................31
5.4.2. Terreinquotientenmethode ........................................................................................................................................31
5.4.3. IJzeren voorraad methode ..........................................................................................................................................31
5.5. Wat is de dynamiek op de markt voor bedrijventerreinen? .......................................................................32
5.5.1. Verhuisdynamiek bij bedrijven ...................................................................................................................................32
5.5.2. Wijziging locatiefactoren van bedrijven......................................................................................................................33
,6. HETE HANGIJZERS VOOR HET RUIMTELIJK-ECONOMISCH BELEID? ......................................................................................34
6.1. Heet hangijzer 1: gebrek aan ruimte voor grotere investeringsprojecten? .................................................35
6.1.1. Aangeboden ruimte beschikbaar voor logistiek vastgoed? ........................................................................................37
6.1.2. Uitdagingen ................................................................................................................................................................37
6.1.3. Type en ruimtelijke spreiding logistieke activiteiten? .................................................................................................37
6.2. Heet hangijzer 2: van leegstand in de kernen…naar verweven werklocaties ..............................................37
6.2.1. Waarom die focus op "bedrijvige kernen"? ................................................................................................................37
6.2.2. Kansen en bedreigingen! ............................................................................................................................................38
6.2.3. Verweving binnen het lokaal bedrijfshuisvestingsbeleid ............................................................................................38
SOCIAAL-ECONOMISCHE GEOGRAFIE (SEG) .....................................................................................................................39
7. INLEIDING ...........................................................................................................................................................39
8. DE OPEN RUIMTE: GEOGRAFISCHE STREKEN, NATUUR EN LANDBOUW ..............................................................................40
8.1. Inleiding: Geografische streken, natuur en landbouw ................................................................................40
8.1.1. De Kempen als geografische streek ............................................................................................................................40
8.1.2. De Ardennen...............................................................................................................................................................43
8.1.3. Geografische streken in België....................................................................................................................................45
8.2. Theorieën en concepten ...........................................................................................................................51
8.2.1. Fysisch determinisme .................................................................................................................................................51
8.2.2. Relatie samenleving – fysisch milieu in de landschapskunde en planning .................................................................52
8.2.3. Klimaatverandereing ..................................................................................................................................................52
8.2.4. Modelmatige kijk op het ruimtelijk patroon van landbouwproductie: von Thünen ...................................................53
8.3. Beleid .......................................................................................................................................................56
9. MIJNBOUW EN INDUSTRIE ......................................................................................................................................56
9.1. Mijnbouw en industrie: voorbeelden ........................................................................................................56
9.1.1. De industriële revolutie in Chicago en Manchester ....................................................................................................56
9.1.2. Ruimtelijke spreiding van industrie in het Vlaamse gewest .......................................................................................56
9.1.3. Ruimtelijke ongelijkheid op diverse schaalniveaus .....................................................................................................57
9.2. Theorieën en concepten ...........................................................................................................................59
9.2.1. Industriële Locatietheorie...........................................................................................................................................59
9.2.2. Regionale Theorieën ...................................................................................................................................................69
9.3. Beleid .......................................................................................................................................................78
9.3.1. Spatial margins of profitability wijzigen ......................................................................................................................78
9.3.2. NEG en Beleid .............................................................................................................................................................78
9.3.3. Clusterbeleid ...............................................................................................................................................................78
10.DIENSTEN ...........................................................................................................................................................78
10.1. Voorbeelden: Diensten .............................................................................................................................78
10.2. Theorieën en concepten ...........................................................................................................................79
10.2.1. De vele aspecten van detailhandel .............................................................................................................................79
10.2.2. Detailhandel in de binnenstad en Retail Gentrification ..............................................................................................80
10.2.3. Centrale Plaatsentheorie (CPT) ...................................................................................................................................81
10.2.4. Wereldsteden .............................................................................................................................................................89
10.2.5. Creatieve steden .........................................................................................................................................................90
10.2.6. Toerisme .....................................................................................................................................................................91
10.3. Beleid .......................................................................................................................................................92
10.3.1. Detailhandelsbeleid ....................................................................................................................................................92
10.3.2. Hiërarchie van steden .................................................................................................................................................92
10.3.3. Wereldsteden en ‘World-city building’ .......................................................................................................................92
10.3.4. Toeristische reconversie .............................................................................................................................................92
11.BEVOLKING .........................................................................................................................................................94
11.1. Bevolking: Voorbeelden ............................................................................................................................94
, 11.1.1. Bevolkingsspreiding in België .....................................................................................................................................94
11.1.2. De wereldbevolking ....................................................................................................................................................98
11.2. Theorieën en concepten ...........................................................................................................................99
11.2.1. Rank-size rule (‘Zipf’s law’) .........................................................................................................................................99
11.2.2. Natuurlijke groei .......................................................................................................................................................100
11.2.3. Demografische transitie............................................................................................................................................102
11.2.4. Leeftijdsstructuur .....................................................................................................................................................103
11.2.5. Gezinsverdunning .....................................................................................................................................................104
11.2.6. Migratie en diversiteit ..............................................................................................................................................104
11.2.7. Segregatie .................................................................................................................................................................105
11.3. Beleid .....................................................................................................................................................106
12.WONEN............................................................................................................................................................107
12.1. Wonen: voorbeelden ..............................................................................................................................107
12.2. Theorieën en Concepten .........................................................................................................................108
12.2.1. Fases van (sub)urbanisering en het stedelijk leefcomplex .......................................................................................108
12.2.2. Interne structuur van steden ....................................................................................................................................109
12.2.3. Verstedelijking en de stedelijke levenswijze .............................................................................................................111
12.2.4. Nieuwbouw, verhuizingen en segregatie ..................................................................................................................112
12.2.5. Gated Communities en Gentrificatie ........................................................................................................................112
12.2.6. Ethnoburbs versus Design Assimilation ....................................................................................................................114
12.3. Beleid .....................................................................................................................................................114
12.3.1. Slum Clearance, Gentrificatie en Stadsvernieuwingsprojecten ................................................................................114
12.3.2. Buurtmonitors ..........................................................................................................................................................114
12.3.3. Omgevingsbeleid en woonbeleid .............................................................................................................................114
13.POLITIEK ...........................................................................................................................................................114
13.1. Politieke Geografie: Voorbeelden ............................................................................................................114
13.1.1. Verkiezingsuitslagen in kaart ....................................................................................................................................114
13.1.2. De Belgische Staatsstructuur ....................................................................................................................................114
13.2. Theorieën en concepten..........................................................................................................................115
13.2.1. De politiek, het politieke en publieke ruimte ...........................................................................................................115
13.2.2. Het politieke landschap in België ..............................................................................................................................115
13.2.3. Gerrymandering .......................................................................................................................................................116
13.2.4. Rescaling en New State Spaces .................................................................................................................................116
13.2.5. De slimme stad en de publieke ruimte .....................................................................................................................116
13.3. Beleid .....................................................................................................................................................116
13.3.1. Nieuwe bestuurslagen en het clusteren van gemeentes ..........................................................................................116
13.3.2. Neohygiënistisch beleid in Franse steden .................................................................................................................117
14.SYNTHESE .........................................................................................................................................................117
14.1. Naar een synthese ..................................................................................................................................117
14.2. Maatschappij en ruimte ..........................................................................................................................117
14.3. Modellen en synthese .............................................................................................................................117
14.4. Polycentrisme .........................................................................................................................................118
14.5. Verstedelijking ........................................................................................................................................118
14.5.1. Het ontstaan van steden ...........................................................................................................................................118
14.5.2. Steden in de Middeleeuwen .....................................................................................................................................119
14.5.3. Van Feodalisme naar Kapitalisme .............................................................................................................................119
14.5.4. Space-time compression ..........................................................................................................................................119
14.6. Verstedelijking en voedsel.......................................................................................................................119
, Vastgoedmarkten
1. Inleiding
Wat zijn vastgoedmarkten?
= De markt waarin de eigendoms- en gebruiksrechten (huur en erfpachten) van gronden de daarop opgetrokken
bouwwerken (opstallen) verhandeld worden
• Koopmarkt (verhandeling van eigendomsrechten)
o Bestaand vastgoed
o Nieuwbouw (op plan kopen)
o Grond
• Huurmarkt (verhandeling van zakelijke rechten)
o Huur
o Handelshuur
o Erfpacht
o Recht van opstal
o Concessie (overheid die een exclusief gebruiksrecht uitgeeft aan een particulier)
o …
= evenwicht door het prijsmechanisme
Kenmerken van vastgoedmarkten:
• In elasticiteit van het aanbod, op korte termijn (De hoeveelheid aanbod grond verandert niet)
• Immobiliteit van vastgoedmarkt (Vastgoed is gebonden aan een specifieke locatie)
• Asset specificity: elk vastgoedproject is uniek
o Ligging
o Type
• Ruimtelijke en functionele segmentatie (De prijs van het vastgoed komt tot stand in deelmarkten, naast
elkaar bestaan, zowel ruimtelijk als functioneel. Er is dus geen prijsvormingsmechanisme dat beiden
coördineert)
o Type locaties: binnenstedelijk versus randstedelijk/buiten stedelijk
o Type vastgoed: woningen, kantoren, retail (ligt ver uit elkaar)
• Langdurig karakter van vastgoedproducten (mobiliteit maakt dat het vastgoedaanbod verschillende
leeftijdsklassen heeft, die niet zoveel veranderen; dat geeft ook aan dat de nieuwere producten vaak meer
gewaardeerd worden dan de oudere producten en dat nieuwe producten de oude uit de markt drukken)
o Innovatie bij nieuwere “producten”
o Vermindering van attractiviteit van oudere producten
• Sterk gereguleerde markt (het aanbod is sterk gereguleerd door ruimtelijke planning en regelgeving;
dichtheden, bouwlagen, functies worden bepaald in ruimtelijke plannen, waarmee er niet echt een “vrije
markt” is)
4 kwadranten model (samenhang tussen de verschillende markten die er zijn)
1
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