ENPC Respiratory Question and answer
2023
Anatomical and physiological features of the pediatric airway? - correct answer large
tongue relative to size of oropharynx
obligate nose breathers
smaller airway diameter
cricoid cartilage narrowest area
larynx more anterior and cephalad
cartilaginous larynx
short neck and short trachea
What is normal respiratory rate for the 5 pediatric age groups? - correct answer infant
(1-12 months) - 30-60
toddler (1-3 years) - 24-40
preschooler (3-5 years) - 22-34
school age (5-11 years) - 18-30
adolescent (11-18 years) - 12-16
What is the narrowest area of the pediatric airway? - correct answer the crichoid
cartilage - provides anatomical seal for uncuffed or cuffless ETT in children younger
than 8 years old
Anatomical and physiological features of pediatric breathing? - correct answer
compensatory mechanisms less effective
higher metabolic rate
respiratory rate varies with age
thin chest wall
cartilaginous sternum and ribs
poorly developed intercostal muscles
diaphragm positioned flat
ribs horizontally oriented
fewer smaller alveoli
What age is the respiratory system considered fully developed? - correct answer 8
years old
Most common chronic childhood illness? - correct answer asthma, affects 9.3% of
children
Do pediatrics have a higher or lower metabolic rate? - correct answer higher - results
in more rapid respiratory rate and less efficient use of oxygen and glucose. In addition,
other symptoms, such as fever or anxiety, may further increase metabolic rate
, A pulse ox reading of less than ____ at sea level is indicative of respiratory
compromise? - correct answer 92%, exceptions include children with uncorrected
congenital heart defects
How to estimate ETT size for pediatrics age 1-10? - correct answer uncuffed -
(age/4)+4, cuffed - (age/4)+3.5
CO2 monitors may not be effective if the child is less than ____? - correct answer 2kg
The esophageal detector may be considered for confirmation of tracheal tube
placement in children weighing ___? - correct answer more than 20kg. It is unreliable
in children younger than 1 year
The appropriate depth of insertion of an ETT can be estimated by the following formula?
- correct answer internal tube diameter x3.
Studies show that the use of the length based resuscitation tape to determine depth of
the ETT is the most accurate method
An excess of either of these 2 substances causes a direct excitatory effect on the
respiratory center, resulting in increased rate of ventilation? - correct answer
increased PaCO2 or increased H+
Most common cause of respiratory distress and failure in the pediatric patient? - correct
answer upper or lower airway obstructive disorders
Causes of upper airway respiratory distress and failure in pediatric patients (several)? -
correct answer anaphylaxis
bacterial tracheitis
croup
epiglotitis
foreign body aspiration
retropharyngeal abscess
sleep apnea
smoke inhalation
subglottic stenosis
tracheomalacia
trauma
Tracheomalacia? - correct answer (from trachea and the Greek μαλακία, softening) is
an upper airway condition characterized by flaccidity of the tracheal support cartilage
which leads to tracheal collapse especially when increased airflow is demanded.
Subglottic stenosis? - correct answer (SGS) is a narrowing of the upper airway below
the vocal cords (subglottis) and above the trachea. Subglottic stenosis will involve
narrowing of the cricoid, the only complete cartilage ring in the airway.
2023
Anatomical and physiological features of the pediatric airway? - correct answer large
tongue relative to size of oropharynx
obligate nose breathers
smaller airway diameter
cricoid cartilage narrowest area
larynx more anterior and cephalad
cartilaginous larynx
short neck and short trachea
What is normal respiratory rate for the 5 pediatric age groups? - correct answer infant
(1-12 months) - 30-60
toddler (1-3 years) - 24-40
preschooler (3-5 years) - 22-34
school age (5-11 years) - 18-30
adolescent (11-18 years) - 12-16
What is the narrowest area of the pediatric airway? - correct answer the crichoid
cartilage - provides anatomical seal for uncuffed or cuffless ETT in children younger
than 8 years old
Anatomical and physiological features of pediatric breathing? - correct answer
compensatory mechanisms less effective
higher metabolic rate
respiratory rate varies with age
thin chest wall
cartilaginous sternum and ribs
poorly developed intercostal muscles
diaphragm positioned flat
ribs horizontally oriented
fewer smaller alveoli
What age is the respiratory system considered fully developed? - correct answer 8
years old
Most common chronic childhood illness? - correct answer asthma, affects 9.3% of
children
Do pediatrics have a higher or lower metabolic rate? - correct answer higher - results
in more rapid respiratory rate and less efficient use of oxygen and glucose. In addition,
other symptoms, such as fever or anxiety, may further increase metabolic rate
, A pulse ox reading of less than ____ at sea level is indicative of respiratory
compromise? - correct answer 92%, exceptions include children with uncorrected
congenital heart defects
How to estimate ETT size for pediatrics age 1-10? - correct answer uncuffed -
(age/4)+4, cuffed - (age/4)+3.5
CO2 monitors may not be effective if the child is less than ____? - correct answer 2kg
The esophageal detector may be considered for confirmation of tracheal tube
placement in children weighing ___? - correct answer more than 20kg. It is unreliable
in children younger than 1 year
The appropriate depth of insertion of an ETT can be estimated by the following formula?
- correct answer internal tube diameter x3.
Studies show that the use of the length based resuscitation tape to determine depth of
the ETT is the most accurate method
An excess of either of these 2 substances causes a direct excitatory effect on the
respiratory center, resulting in increased rate of ventilation? - correct answer
increased PaCO2 or increased H+
Most common cause of respiratory distress and failure in the pediatric patient? - correct
answer upper or lower airway obstructive disorders
Causes of upper airway respiratory distress and failure in pediatric patients (several)? -
correct answer anaphylaxis
bacterial tracheitis
croup
epiglotitis
foreign body aspiration
retropharyngeal abscess
sleep apnea
smoke inhalation
subglottic stenosis
tracheomalacia
trauma
Tracheomalacia? - correct answer (from trachea and the Greek μαλακία, softening) is
an upper airway condition characterized by flaccidity of the tracheal support cartilage
which leads to tracheal collapse especially when increased airflow is demanded.
Subglottic stenosis? - correct answer (SGS) is a narrowing of the upper airway below
the vocal cords (subglottis) and above the trachea. Subglottic stenosis will involve
narrowing of the cricoid, the only complete cartilage ring in the airway.
