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Goede en volledige samenvatting MEDIA ETHIEK
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2022-2023MEDIA ETHIEK
Julie Van der Mueren
,Inhoudsopgave
1 LES 1: INTRODUCTIE TOT ETHIEK EN MEDIA-ETHIEK ........................................................................................ 4
1.1 WAT IS MEDIA-ETHIEK? ...................................................................................................................................4
1.2 WAT IS FILOSOFIE? .........................................................................................................................................4
1.3 FILOSOFISCHE METHODE..................................................................................................................................4
1.4 EXPERIMENTELE FILOSOFIE ...............................................................................................................................5
1.5 WAT IS ETHIEK? .............................................................................................................................................5
1.6 WAAROM ZIJN WE GEVOELIG VOOR MORALITEIT? ................................................................................................6
2 LES 2: MORELE THEORIEËN ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 UTILITARISME (OOK GEKEND ALS CONSEQUENTIALISME) ........................................................................................7
2.1.1 Basisprincipe en historiek .....................................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Utilitarisme in de 20ste eeuw ................................................................................................................8
2.1.3 Voordelen .............................................................................................................................................9
2.1.4 Nadelen.................................................................................................................................................9
2.1.5 Supererogatorisch ................................................................................................................................9
2.2 DEONTOLOGISCHE ETHIEK (OOK GEKEND ALS PLICHTENLEER)............................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Ethisch voldoende om een goede uitkomst te verzekeren? .............................................................. 10
2.2.2 Deontologische ethiek ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Deontologische ethiek: Kant ............................................................................................................. 11
2.2.4 Christine Korsgaard (1952) ............................................................................................................... 12
2.2.5 Kritiek op postkoloniale filosofie, Charles Mills (1951 – 2021) ......................................................... 13
2.2.6 Deontologische ethiek en ecologische ethiek ................................................................................... 13
2.3 ETHIEK VAN DE RECHTVAARDIGHEID (OOK GEKEND ALS DISTRIBUTIEVE ETHIEK) ....................................................... 13
2.3.1 Theorie van de rechtvaardigheid ...................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Alternatief van “niet-ideale theorie” ................................................................................................. 15
2.3.3 Kritiek te onpersoonlijk – Martha Nussbaum (1947) ........................................................................ 16
2.4 DEUGDETHIEK (OOK GEKEND ALS DEUGDENLEER) .............................................................................................. 16
2.4.1 De hergeboorte van deugdethiek...................................................................................................... 17
2.4.2 Deugdenleer ...................................................................................................................................... 17
2.4.3 Voordelen .......................................................................................................................................... 18
2.4.4 Nadelen.............................................................................................................................................. 18
2.4.5 Deugdethiek in andere culturen ........................................................................................................ 18
2.5 ZORGETHIEK ............................................................................................................................................... 18
2.5.1 Zorgethiek: stadia van Lawrence Kohlberg ....................................................................................... 18
2.5.2 Zorgethiek: Carol Gilligan 1984......................................................................................................... 19
3 LES 3: TOEGEPASTE ETHIEK ............................................................................................................................. 21
3.1 INLEIDING: TOEGEPASTE ETHIEK (MOREEL RELATIVISME EN MORELE PRINCIPES) ...................................................... 21
3.1.1 Situering toegepaste ethiek .............................................................................................................. 21
3.1.2 Moreel relativisme............................................................................................................................. 21
3.1.3 Toegepaste ethiek: principlisme ........................................................................................................ 22
3.2 6 MORELE PRINCIPES IN MEDIA ETHIEK ............................................................................................................ 23
3.2.1 Transparantie en vertrouwen............................................................................................................ 23
3.2.2 Rechtvaardigheid............................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.3 Niet schaden ...................................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.4 Autonomie ......................................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.5 Privacy ............................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.6 Publiek belang / sociaal engagement / gemeenschap ..................................................................... 25
3.3 REFLECTIEF EVENWICHT (STERK EN ZWAKKE ARGUMENTATIE) .............................................................................. 26
3.3.1 Het reflectieve evenwicht .................................................................................................................. 26
3.3.2 Sterke rechtvaardiging ...................................................................................................................... 26
3.3.3 Zwakke rechtvaardiging .................................................................................................................... 27
3.3.4 Caveats! ............................................................................................................................................. 29
3.3.5 Voorbeelden ...................................................................................................................................... 29
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, 3.4 JOURNALISTIEKE DEONTOLOGIE ...................................................................................................................... 30
3.4.1 Journalistieke accountability ............................................................................................................. 32
4 LES 4: RECLAME................................................................................................................................................ 33
4.1 INLEIDING .................................................................................................................................................. 33
4.1.1 Reclame en transparantie ................................................................................................................. 33
4.1.2 Reclame en morele theorieën ........................................................................................................... 33
4.2 TWEE VISIES OP ETHIEK EN RECLAME .............................................................................................................. 34
4.2.1 Het economisch argument (artikel M. Werner) ................................................................................ 34
4.2.2 Wanneer / waarom reclame tolereren (artikel S. Neuteleers) ......................................................... 34
4.3 WETTELIJK KADER RECLAME .......................................................................................................................... 36
4.4 RECLAME EN SOCIALE MEDIA: ETHIEK EN INFLUENCERS ....................................................................................... 36
4.5 HET GOEDE ALS VERKOOPARGUMENT (ETHISCH CONSUMEREN?) ......................................................................... 37
5 LES 5: (REALITY) TV ........................................................................................................................................... 38
5.1 BEÏNVLOEDING EN COMMUNICATIETECHNOLOGIE ............................................................................................. 38
5.1.1 Impact van communicatietechnologie .............................................................................................. 38
5.1.2 Communicatietechnologie ................................................................................................................ 38
5.1.3 Beïnvloeding en televisie ................................................................................................................... 38
5.2 REALITY-TV ................................................................................................................................................ 39
5.2.1 Definitie en ethische ambiguïteit ...................................................................................................... 39
5.2.2 Pijnpunten.......................................................................................................................................... 40
5.3 (MIS)REPRESENTATIE ................................................................................................................................... 41
5.3.1 Impact van documentaires en fictie op acceptatie (zie laatste les) ................................................. 41
6 LES 6: TECHNOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................................... 42
6.1 INLEIDING .................................................................................................................................................. 42
6.2 MENS EN TECHNOLOGIE ............................................................................................................................... 42
6.2.1 Mens en of vs. Technologie ............................................................................................................... 42
6.2.2 Voorbeelden tecnologie als morele bemiddeling .............................................................................. 43
6.2.3 Technologie als morele actor: intentionaliteit .................................................................................. 44
6.2.4 Technologie als morele actor: vrijheid .............................................................................................. 44
6.3 TECHNOLOGISCH DETERMINISME EN TECHNOLOGISCHE IMPERATIEF ..................................................................... 45
6.3.1 Technologie en vrijheid: technologische dwang? ............................................................................. 45
6.3.2 Technologie is niet unidirectioneel .................................................................................................... 45
6.4 CASE: ARTIFICIËLE INTELLIGENTIE ................................................................................................................... 46
6.4.1 AI4People: afwegen van goede en slichte aspecten AI ..................................................................... 46
6.4.2 AI4People: toegepast- ethische principes ......................................................................................... 46
6.4.3 Negatief: AI en algoritmische bias .................................................................................................... 48
6.4.4 Ethiek van de artificiële intelligentie: ‘ethics by design’ ................................................................... 48
7 LES 7: ETHIEK VAN DE SOCIALE MEDIA............................................................................................................ 49
8 LES 8: ETHIEK VAN DE SOCIALE MEDIA............................................................................................................ 49
8.1 BESPREKING “THE SOCIAL DILEMMA”............................................................................................................. 49
8.2 INLEIDING: SOCIAL NETWORKING AND ETHICS .................................................................................................. 49
8.2.1 Social Media en (on)deugdethiek ...................................................................................................... 49
8.3 PRIVACY EN BIG DATA .................................................................................................................................. 49
8.3.1 Big Data: Commercialisatie ............................................................................................................... 50
8.3.2 Ethische principes voor ‘privacy by design’ ....................................................................................... 51
8.4 ONLINE VRIENDSCHAP? ................................................................................................................................ 51
8.4.1 Vriendschap en sociale media: technologisch pessimisme............................................................... 51
8.4.2 Vriendschap en sociale media: constitutief voor hedendaagse sociale relaties .............................. 52
8.5 SOCIALE MEDIA EN DEMOCRATIE .................................................................................................................... 53
8.5.1 Bedreigingen...................................................................................................................................... 53
8.5.2 Informatieluchtbellen ........................................................................................................................ 53
8.5.3 Sociale media en democratie: mogelijkheden .................................................................................. 53
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, 8.5.4 Een alternatief? ................................................................................................................................. 54
9 LES 9: DISCUSSIEGROEP FAKE NEWS ............................................................................................................... 55
10 LES 10: ETHIEK VAN VIDEOGAMES .................................................................................................................. 55
10.1 WELKE ETHISCHE DILEMMA’S ROEPEN VIDEOGAMES OP? (GAMEPERSPECTIEF) ....................................................... 55
10.2 HOE KUNNEN WE MORELE THEORIEËN TOEPASSEN OP VIDEOGAMES ..................................................................... 55
10.2.1 Magische cirkel ............................................................................................................................. 55
10.2.2 Morele theorieën in videogames.................................................................................................. 56
10.2.3 Utilitarisme en games .................................................................................................................. 56
10.2.4 Deontologie en games .................................................................................................................. 57
10.2.5 Deugdethiek en games ................................................................................................................. 57
10.2.6 The gamers’ dilemma (Morgan Luck) .......................................................................................... 58
10.2.7 Zorgethiek in videogames (Murphy en Zagal) ............................................................................. 58
10.3 WAT KUNNEN VIDOGAMES ONS LEREN OVER MORALITEIT? (PERSPECTIEF VAN DE SPELER) ........................................ 58
10.3.1 We become what we behold ........................................................................................................ 58
10.3.2 Moraliteit en ethiek in video games ............................................................................................. 58
10.4 WELKE MORELE DILEMMA’S ROEPT HET ONDERWERP EN MAKEN VAN GAMES OP? (PERSPECTIEF VAN DE DESIGNER) ..... 59
10.4.1 Designprincipe ‘immersion’ vs verslavingsrisico .......................................................................... 59
10.4.2 Representatie en gameplay: sanity meters.................................................................................. 59
10.4.3 Misleiding van spelers: permadeath in Hellblade: Senua’s sacrifice ........................................... 59
10.4.4 Take-away message college ......................................................................................................... 59
11 LES 11: BIO-ETHIEK EN BEELDVORMING ......................................................................................................... 60
11.1 MEDIA-ETHIEK EN BIO-ETHIEK ....................................................................................................................... 60
11.2 TRANSPARANTIE: SITUERING VAN MEZELF IN DEZE CASUS .................................................................................... 60
11.3 TRADITIONELE BEELDVORMING AUTISME EN KLASSIEKE BIO-ETHIEK....................................................................... 60
11.3.1 Autisme vanuit de 20ste eeuw ....................................................................................................... 61
11.3.2 De ‘klassieke’ bio-ethische vragen rond autisme ......................................................................... 61
11.3.3 Bio-etiek en autisme in de 21ste eeuw .......................................................................................... 61
11.3.4 Blijvend spanningsveld ................................................................................................................. 61
11.4 DISABILITY STUDIES & CRIP NEURODIVERSITEIT ................................................................................................. 61
11.4.1 De blik van binnenuit .................................................................................................................... 62
11.4.2 In de traditie van ‘disability studies’ ............................................................................................. 62
11.4.3 Neurodiversiteit ............................................................................................................................ 62
11.4.4 Validisme en mensenrechten ....................................................................................................... 62
11.4.5 Zoemsessie + brainstorm .............................................................................................................. 62
11.5 (ZELF-) REPRESENTATIE EN MEDIA-ETHIEK ........................................................................................................ 63
11.5.1 Representaties in de media beïnvloeden de bio-ethiek ............................................................... 63
11.5.2 Beeldvorming en handicap ........................................................................................................... 63
11.5.3 Neurodiversiteit: ‘niets over ons, zonder ons’ (NOOZO) .............................................................. 63
11.6 DYNAMIEK BIO- EN MEDIA ETHIEK .................................................................................................................. 63
11.6.1 Autisme wordt een dynamisch gegeven ...................................................................................... 63
11.6.2 Impact op wetenschapscommunicatie ........................................................................................ 64
11.6.3 Bio-ethiek en communicatiewetenschappen ............................................................................... 64
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