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DeontologieTable of Contents
HOOFDSTUK I: INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................... 8
Afdeling 1. Deontologie en tuchtrecht................................................................................................................................... 8
§1 Definitie ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Afdeling 2. Het onderscheid tussen deontologie en moraal .................................................................................................... 9
Afdeling 3. Het onderscheid tussen tuchtrecht en strafrecht ................................................................................................ 11
§1 Onderscheid ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
§2 De autonomie van de tuchtvordering: .................................................................................................................................... 13
Afdeling 4. Het onderscheid tussen tuchtrecht en burgerrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid ......................................................... 17
§1 Onderscheid ............................................................................................................................................................................. 17
§2 Autonomie van de tuchtvordering .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Afdeling 5 Codificeren of niet? ............................................................................................................................................ 18
HOOFDSTUK II: DE MAGISTRAAT............................................................................................................. 18
Afdeling 1. Deontologische waarde ..................................................................................................................................... 18
§1. Onafhankelijkheid ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
§2. Onpartijdigheid ....................................................................................................................................................................... 19
A. Onverenigbaarheden (objectieve onpartijdigheid) ....................................................................................................... 20
B. Wrakings-en verschoningsgronden................................................................................................................................ 22
C. Gedrag in de werksfeer .................................................................................................................................................. 26
D. Privé- en sociaal leven .................................................................................................................................................... 26
E. Recht van vereniging ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
F. Vrijheid van meningsuiting ............................................................................................................................................ 28
§3. Integriteit................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
§4. Terughoudendheid & discretie ............................................................................................................................................... 32
I. Beroepsgeheim...................................................................................................................................................................... 32
II. “Geen commentaar” – regel ................................................................................................................................................ 36
III. Vermijden van mediatisering van de persoon ................................................................................................................... 36
IV. Varia .................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
§5. Ijver .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
§6. Respect en luisterbereidheid .................................................................................................................................................. 37
§7. Gelijke behandeling ................................................................................................................................................................ 37
§8. Bekwaamheid .......................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Afdeling 2. Tucht ................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Afdeling 3. Aansprakelijkheid ............................................................................................................................................. 40
§1. Strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid.......................................................................................................................................... 40
▪ Art. 458 Sw.: beroepsgeheim .............................................................................................................................................. 40
▪ Art. 240 Sw.: verduistering (zie notaris) ............................................................................................................................. 40
▪ Art.246-247 Sw.: passieve omkoping ( verbod van omkoping) ......................................................................................... 40
▪ Art. 258 Sw.: ambtsweigering (zie hierboven) ................................................................................................................... 40
§2. Burgerrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid ...................................................................................................................................... 41
o 2 Uitzonderingen op immuniteit van magistraat ............................................................................................................... 41
▪ 1. Verhaal op de rechter: art. 1140 Ger. W. .................................................................................................................. 41
▪ 2. Burgerlijke vordering in het raam van een strafvordering ....................................................................................... 41
- Overheidsaansprakelijkheid voor optreden magistraat .................................................................................................... 41
HOOFDSTUK III: DE NOTARIS .................................................................................................................. 43
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,Afdeling 1. Verschillende functies van de notaris ................................................................................................................. 43
§1. Notaris – openbare ambtenaar .............................................................................................................................................. 43
§2. Notaris – juridisch zakenman en estate-planner ................................................................................................................... 45
§3. Notaris – raadsman ................................................................................................................................................................. 45
§4. Vertrouwenspersoon .............................................................................................................................................................. 45
§5. Bemiddelaar ............................................................................................................................................................................ 45
§6. Schepper van recht ................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Afdeling 2. De notaris ......................................................................................................................................................... 46
§1. Benoeming tot kandidaat-notaris en notaris......................................................................................................................... 46
§2. Vennootschappen van notarissen .......................................................................................................................................... 47
§3. Onverenigbaarheden .............................................................................................................................................................. 48
Afdeling 3. De notariële beroepsorganisatie ........................................................................................................................ 48
Afdeling 4. Deontologische code ......................................................................................................................................... 48
§1. Onpartijdigheid en onafhankelijkheid ................................................................................................................................... 48
§2. Informatie en raadgevingsplicht ............................................................................................................................................ 48
- Beroepsgeheim .................................................................................................................................................................... 49
- Mededelingsverbod van akten: artikel 23 Notariswet ...................................................................................................... 50
- Discretieplicht ...................................................................................................................................................................... 51
- Briefwisseling tussen notarissen: niet vertrouwelijk, behoudens andere overeenkomst: art. 13, 2de lid ......................... 51
§4. Ereloon..................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
§5. Publiciteit................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
§6. Varia......................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
- Art. 5 DC: elektronische handtekening............................................................................................................................... 52
- Art. 6 DC: voldoende beschikbaar zijn voor cliënten en steeds diligent/voorzichtig handelen ...................................... 52
- Art. 9 DC: onbaatzuchtigheid .............................................................................................................................................. 52
Afdeling 5. Tuchtrecht ........................................................................................................................................................ 52
§1. Procedure lagere tuchtsraf ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
§2. Hogere tuchtstraf .................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Afdeling 6. Aansprakelijkheid ............................................................................................................................................. 54
§1. Strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid.......................................................................................................................................... 54
o Art. 195 Sw.: valsheid in geschriften .................................................................................................................................. 54
o Art. 456 Sw.: Miskenning beroepsgeheim.......................................................................................................................... 54
o Art. 247 Sw.: Passieve omkoping ........................................................................................................................................ 54
o Art. 505 Sw.: Heling (= medewerking witwasoperaties) ................................................................................................... 54
o Art. 240 Sw.: verduistering.................................................................................................................................................. 54
o Art. 245 Sw.: belangenneming ............................................................................................................................................ 54
o Art. 241 Sw. Verduistering van akten en titels door bewaarders ..................................................................................... 54
o Art. 242 Sw.: de ontvreemding of vernietiging van bepaalde documenten wegens nalatigheid .................................... 54
§2. Burgerrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid ...................................................................................................................................... 55
HOOFDSTUK IV: DE ADVOCAAT............................................................................................................... 56
Afd. 1 De advocaat ............................................................................................................................................................. 56
• §1. Toegang tot het beroep................................................................................................................................................. 56
o A. Diploma....................................................................................................................................................................... 56
o B. Nationaliteit ................................................................................................................................................................ 57
o C. Eed (= aantal elementen hierin)................................................................................................................................. 57
o D. Stage ........................................................................................................................................................................... 59
o E. Permanente vorming (om advocaat te blijven) ......................................................................................................... 59
• §2. Samenwerkingsverbanden tussen advocaten en met niet-advocaten ....................................................................... 60
o Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................................................ 60
o Associatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 61
o Groepering ...................................................................................................................................................................... 61
o Netwerk........................................................................................................................................................................... 61
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,Afd. 2. De organisatie van de advocatuur ............................................................................................................................ 64
Afd. 3. Plichtenleer............................................................................................................................................................. 64
§1. Onafhankelijkheid ................................................................................................................................................................... 64
• A. Onverenigbaarheden ...................................................................................................................................................... 64
• B. Verdediging van persoonlijke belangen ......................................................................................................................... 66
• C. Tegenstrijdige belangen – gewezen cliënten = regeling belangenconflicten ............................................................... 66
• D. Contacten van advocaten met getuigen ........................................................................................................................ 69
• E. Contacten van advocaten met gedetineerden ............................................................................................................... 69
• F. Optreden voor een verzekeraar BA en rechtsbijstand ................................................................................................... 69
§2. Rechtschapenheid, kiesheid en waardigheid......................................................................................................................... 70
• A. Eer vd orde en waardigheid van het beroep ............................................................................................................. 70
• B. Kiesheid....................................................................................................................................................................... 71
• C. Rechtschapenheid ...................................................................................................................................................... 71
• D. Publiciteit.................................................................................................................................................................... 71
• E. media........................................................................................................................................................................... 72
§3. Begroting van kosten en erelonen ......................................................................................................................................... 73
§4. Respecteren van beroepsgeheim ........................................................................................................................................... 76
• Grondslag ............................................................................................................................................................................. 76
• Gelaagde bescherming ........................................................................................................................................................ 76
o II. Strafrechtelijk: artikel 458 Sw. ................................................................................................................................... 76
o Uitzonderingen van artikel 458 Sw.: .............................................................................................................................. 77
▪ A. Getuigenissen in rechte of voor parlementaire onderzoekscommissie .............................................................. 77
▪ B. Wettelijke spreekplicht of spreekrecht ................................................................................................................ 77
▪ C. Toestemming geheimgerechtigde......................................................................................................................... 77
▪ D. Gedeeld beroepsgeheim ....................................................................................................................................... 78
▪ D2. Casusoverleg: gezamenlijk of collectief beroepsgeheim = art. 458ter Sw. ....................................................... 78
▪ E. De noodtoestand ................................................................................................................................................... 78
▪ F. Recht van verdediging van de advocaat: de advocaat in proces ......................................................................... 79
▪ G. Beroepsmisdrijf sluit beroepsgeheim uit ............................................................................................................. 80
▪ H. Art. 28quinquies, §4 en 57, §4 Sv.: communiceren met de pers in belang cliënt ............................................... 80
o III. Deontologische discretieplicht.................................................................................................................................. 80
o IV. Contractueel .............................................................................................................................................................. 81
o V. Leerstuk van het ongeoorloofd bewijs ...................................................................................................................... 81
• §5. Briefwisseling tussen advocaten ................................................................................................................................... 81
• §6. Beslag onder derden bij een advocaat ......................................................................................................................... 82
• §7. Huiszoeking bij advocaat............................................................................................................................................... 83
Afd. 4. Tuchtrecht van de advocaat ..................................................................................................................................... 83
Afd. 5 Aansprakelijkheid van de advocaat ........................................................................................................................... 84
• §0. Strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid ................................................................................................................................ 84
o Art. 223 SW: verleiding van getuigen ............................................................................................................................ 84
o Art. 491: misbruik van vertrouwen ................................................................................................................................ 84
• §1. Aansprakelijkheid tav de cliënt..................................................................................................................................... 84
o A. Kwalificatie van de verhouding ................................................................................................................................. 84
o B. Foutcriterium .............................................................................................................................................................. 84
o C. Tegenstelbaarheid fout advocaat-lasthebber aan de cliënt ..................................................................................... 85
o E. Ontkentenis van proceshandeling ............................................................................................................................. 86
o F. Aansprakelijkheid patroon (stagemeester) ............................................................................................................... 86
o G. Aansprakelijkheid stagiair/medewerker................................................................................................................... 86
o H. Aansprakelijkheid van de niet-geprovisioneerde advocaat ..................................................................................... 86
• §2. Aansprakelijkheid tav derden ....................................................................................................................................... 87
• §3. Verjaring aansprakelijkheidsvorderingen advocaat .................................................................................................... 87
HOOFDSTUK V: DE GERECHTSDEURWAARDER ......................................................................................... 88
• §1. Taken van de gerechtsdeurwaarder ...................................................................................................................... 88
o Openbaar en ministerieel ambtenaar: art. 509 Ger.W. ..................................................................................................... 88
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, o Buitengerechtelijke tussenkomsten: art. 519, §2 Ger.W. .................................................................................................. 88
o Gerechtelijke tussenkomsten: art. 519, §1 Ger.W. ............................................................................................................ 88
o Ministerieplicht: art. 520, §1 Ger.W. .................................................................................................................................. 89
• §2. De gerechtsdeurwaarder ...................................................................................................................................... 89
o A. Toegang tot het ambt ..................................................................................................................................................... 89
o B. Onverenigbaarheden ...................................................................................................................................................... 90
• §3. Beroepsorganisatie .............................................................................................................................................. 90
• §4. Deontologie ......................................................................................................................................................... 91
o A. Onafhankelijkheid en onpartijdigheid....................................................................................................................... 91
o B. Onbaatzuchtigheid .......................................................................................................................................................... 91
o C. Beroepsgeheim en discretieplicht .................................................................................................................................. 92
o D. Ereloon ............................................................................................................................................................................ 93
• §6. Aansprakelijkheid ................................................................................................................................................ 94
o A. Strafrechtelijk .................................................................................................................................................................. 94
▪ Woonstschennis: art. 148 en 439 Sw: ............................................................................................................................ 94
▪ Bedreiging met aanslag op eigendommen: 327 Sw.: .................................................................................................... 94
▪ Valsheid in geschriften: art. 193 e.v. Sw ........................................................................................................................ 94
▪ Omkoping: art. 246-247 Sw. ........................................................................................................................................... 94
▪ Misbruik van vertrouwen (art. 491) of verduistering door ambtenaren (art. 240) ..................................................... 94
▪ Belangenneming: art. 245 Sw. ....................................................................................................................................... 94
o B. Burgerrechtelijk ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
HOOFDSTUK VI: DE GERECHTSDESKUNDIGE ............................................................................................ 95
§1. Taken van de gerechtsdeskundige ................................................................................................................................. 95
• A. Technisch raadgever ....................................................................................................................................................... 95
• B. Eenzijdig deskundigenonderzoek ................................................................................................................................... 95
• C. Minnelijk deskundigenonderzoek .................................................................................................................................. 95
o Eenvoudig minnelijk deskundigenonderzoek................................................................................................................ 96
o Beslissend of onherroepelijk minnelijk deskundigenonderzoek .................................................................................. 96
• D. Gerechtelijk deskundigenonderzoek.............................................................................................................................. 96
§2. De gerechtsdeskundige ................................................................................................................................................. 96
• Wie kan deskundige zijn? .................................................................................................................................................... 96
§3. Beroepsorganisatie en tuchtrecht.................................................................................................................................. 97
§4. Deontologie ................................................................................................................................................................. 97
• A. Onafhankelijkheid en onpartijdigheid ........................................................................................................................... 97
• B. Discretieplicht, geen beroepsgeheim ............................................................................................................................. 98
• C. Bepaling van het ereloon: art. 9 DC ................................................................................................................................ 99
• D. Diligentie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 99
• E. Permanente vorming: art. 13 DC .................................................................................................................................... 99
• F. Verzekeringsplicht: art. 14 DC ....................................................................................................................................... 100
§5. Tuchtrecht.................................................................................................................................................................. 100
§6. Aansprakelijkheid ....................................................................................................................................................... 100
• A. Strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid................................................................................................................................ 100
o Art. 509quater Sw.: verbod rechtstreekse betaling van partij in geding te aanvaarden:voorschot ......................... 100
o Art. 193, 196 Sw: valsheid in geschriften ..................................................................................................................... 100
o Art. 221: valse verklaringen ......................................................................................................................................... 100
• B. Burgerlijke aansprakelijkheid ....................................................................................................................................... 101
HOOFDSTUK VII: DE BEMIDDELAAR....................................................................................................... 101
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