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Summary Chapter 6 Learning

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Detailed summary of Chapter 6: Learning, in Michael Gazzaniga's 'Pscyhological Science' fifth edition.

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  • October 12, 2017
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Introduction to psychology
Chapter 6: Learning
6.1 How Do We Learn?

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 Define learning.
 Identify three types of learning processes.
 Describe the nonassociative learning processes: habituation and sensitization.
Explain the significance of each.


 Learning: a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience.
▪ Behavior better adapted to the environment.
Watson founded behaviorism (chapter 1) and was influenced by Locke and his ‘tabula rasa’
▪ Learning by doing; observable aspects of learning.


There Are Three Types of Learning
 Nonassociative Learning: responding after repeated exposure to a single
stimulus/event.
 Associative Learning: linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together.
▪ Develop through conditioning: a process in which environmental stimuli and
behavioral responses become connected.
 Observational Learning: acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another
individual performing that behavior.


Habituation and Sensitization Are Simple Models of Learning
 Habituation: a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a
stimulus. E.g. blocking out sounds that are not important.
 Dishabituation: increase in response because of a change in something
familiar.
 Reduction of neurotransmitter release.
 Sensitization: an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus.
 E.g. a sudden burnt smell while studying.
 Increase in neurotransmitter release.

, Kandel’s work on the aplysia has shown that habituation and sensitization occur through
alteration in neurotransmitter release.


6.2 How Do We Learn Predictive Associations?

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 Define classical conditioning.
 Differentiate between the US, UR, CS, and CR.
 Describe acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization,
discrimination, second-order conditioning, and blocking.
 Describe the Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning, including the role of
prediction error and dopamine in the strength of associations.
 Describe the role of conditioning in the development and treatment of phobias and
addictions.


 Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning): a type of associative learning in
which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a
stimulus that already produces that response.
▪ Pavlov’s dogs
▪ Twitmyer’s knee jerk experiment


Pavlov’s Experiments
1. Conditioning trial: pairing of a neutral stimulus to a stimulus that reliably presents
the reflex; repeated a number of times.
2. Test Trial: only the neutral stimulus is presented without the other stimulus.


Terminology (classical conditioning):
 Unconditioned Response (UR): a response that does not have to be learned  reflex
(salivation).
 Conditioned Response (CS): a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that
has been learned. (salivation after CS is presented).
 Unconditioned Stimulus (US): a stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex,
without any prior learning (food).
 Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has
taken place (metronome ticking).

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