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Lecture 11. Explain how genes and environment can interact, citing examples from development
a. Breastfeeding has a positive impact on IQ, but only for children with certain
genotypes
b. Types of genotype> environment interaction:
i. Passive: parents provide both genes and environment- decreases with age
ii. Evocative: child characteristics elicit reactions from others- constant with age
iii. Active: a child seeks an environment appropriate to its genotype- increases
with age
c. Environment can limit gene expression- eg. genes have a small effect on IQ for
people with low SES
d. Parent- child interactions can differ between siblings
e.
2. Explain the importance of early interactions and how they develop
3. Explain the family as a system and the importance of parenting contexts
, a. All elements effect each other
b. Effects of a newborn child on the family for Parents:
i. Physical demands
ii. Emotional challenges
iii. Limitations of possibilities
iv. Tensions in marriage
c.
The effect on development:
i. Authoritative: Most competent, independent, self ‐controlled, cooperative,
achievement oriented
ii. Permissive: Often without goals, not assertive, not as performance oriented
iii. Authoritarian: More challenging, dependent, socially incompetent (often in
boys)
iv. Neglectful: Most damaging consequences for cognitive and social ‐emotional
development
This model is mostly based on western culture!
d. Noncompliance predicts later problems and disrupts the family
i. Noncompliance to 20%-40% of requests is normal
ii. Behavioral control has better outcomes than psychological control (shame,
guilt), which can lead to low self-esteem, loneliness, anxiety and more non-
compliance and anti-social behavior
4. Describe Belsky’s revisited parenting process model, the moderators
, a. Parenting context is important for child development.
i. Parenting is best understood as the product of interactions among a host of
individual and contextual variables.
ii. Predictors of fathers’ and mothers’ parenting differ in important ways.
b. Parenting is influenced by:
i. Parents (mother and father in different ways)- their personality, gender,
depression, cognition, affect, developmental history
ii. Child- their negative emotionality, stress response, genetics, emotional
regulation, temperament
iii. Social context- family structure, marital quality, social support, culture, SES
Lecture 2
1. Explain how development of emotions and regulation becomes more complex with age
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