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Samenvatting - Micro-economie (F710342A)
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Samenvatting - Micro-economie (F710342A)
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SAMENVATTING MICRO-ECONOMIEINHOUD
Hoofdstuk 1: Wat is economie? .............................................................................................................................. 6
Wat is economie? ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Keuze ................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Economie............................................................................................................................................................. 6
Schaarste ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Economische behoeften...................................................................................................................................... 7
Keuze, afruil en opportuniteitskost ..................................................................................................................... 8
Kosten tegenover baten; shortcuts of de marginale analyse.............................................................................. 8
Het gebruik van modellen en aannames ............................................................................................................ 9
Eerste model: productiemogelijkhedengrens (PMG) .......................................................................................... 9
Tweede model: de economische kringloop ...................................................................................................... 11
Eenvoudige economische kringloop ............................................................................................................. 11
Uitgebreide economische kringloop ............................................................................................................. 12
Bemerkingen op de klassieke kringloop ........................................................................................................ 13
Hoofdstuk 2: De economische scholen ................................................................................................................. 15
De klassieke school ........................................................................................................................................... 15
De neoklassieke school ..................................................................................................................................... 15
De Keynesiaanse school .................................................................................................................................... 16
De neoliberale economie .................................................................................................................................. 16
Jason Hickel: ‘Less is More’ (2021) .................................................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 3: Voordelen van samenwerking ......................................................................................................... 18
Evidente samenwerking .................................................................................................................................... 18
Absolute en comparatieve voordelen ............................................................................................................... 18
Productiemogelijkheden en baten van specialisatie ......................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 4: Vraag, aanbod en marktevenwicht ................................................................................................. 21
Vraag ................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Het vraagschema en de vraagcurve (individueel) ......................................................................................... 21
Individuele vraag en marktvraag (verzameling van kopers) ......................................................................... 22
Verandering van de vraag en verandering van de gevraagde hoeveelheid .................................................. 22
Aanbod .............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Het aanbodschema en de aanbodcurve (individueel) .................................................................................. 24
Individueel aanbod en marktaanbod (verzameling van verkopers) .............................................................. 25
Verandering van aanbod en verandering van aangeboden hoeveelheid ..................................................... 25
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, Samenvatting vraag en aanbod ......................................................................................................................... 26
Marktevenwicht ................................................................................................................................................ 27
Verandering van het marktevenwicht .......................................................................................................... 27
Wet van Davenant-King ................................................................................................................................ 28
Hoofdstuk 5: Elasticiteit ........................................................................................................................................ 29
Prijselasticiteit van de vraag.............................................................................................................................. 29
Elasticiteiten en energie ................................................................................................................................ 32
Prijselasticiteit en de lineaire vraagcurve ..................................................................................................... 32
Prijselasticiteit en omzet ............................................................................................................................... 33
Prijselasticiteit en winst ................................................................................................................................ 33
Uitzonderingen .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Reboundeffect............................................................................................................................................... 34
Inkomenselasticiteit van de vraag ..................................................................................................................... 35
Wet van Engel ............................................................................................................................................... 35
Kruisprijselasticiteit van de vraag...................................................................................................................... 37
Samenvatting elasticiteit van de vraag ............................................................................................................. 38
Prijselasticiteit van het aanbod ......................................................................................................................... 39
Elasticiteiten en energie ................................................................................................................................ 41
Hoofdstuk 6: Welvaart .......................................................................................................................................... 43
Welvaartseconomie .......................................................................................................................................... 43
Welvaart van de consument ............................................................................................................................. 44
Vraag en prijs ................................................................................................................................................ 44
Consumentensurplus .................................................................................................................................... 44
Welvaart van de producent .............................................................................................................................. 45
Producentensurplus ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Welvaart op de markt ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Totale welvaart op de markt ......................................................................................................................... 45
Marktefficiëntie ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Oefening deadweight loss ............................................................................................................................. 47
Perfecte concurrentie ................................................................................................................................... 47
Maximale welvaart ........................................................................................................................................ 48
Hoofdstuk 8: Gezinnen consumeren ..................................................................................................................... 49
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
Nut................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Het gezin ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Goederenbundel en consument ................................................................................................................... 49
Budgetbeperking ............................................................................................................................................... 50
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, Voorkeuren ....................................................................................................................................................... 51
Duurzame consumptie .................................................................................................................................. 51
Indifferentiecurve ............................................................................................................................................. 52
Keuze van de gezinnen: algemeen evenwicht .................................................................................................. 52
Wijzigingen in het algemeen evenwicht ........................................................................................................... 53
Wijzigingen in het inkomen ........................................................................................................................... 53
Wijziging in de prijzen (prijsstijging) ............................................................................................................. 53
Afleiding van de vraagcurve .............................................................................................................................. 53
Hoofdstuk 9: Gezinnen bieden arbeid aan ............................................................................................................ 54
Budgetlijn .......................................................................................................................................................... 54
Hoeveelheid aangeboden arbeid ...................................................................................................................... 55
Duurzame arbeid ........................................................................................................................................... 55
Wijzigingen in de reële loon .............................................................................................................................. 56
Arbeidsaanbodcurve ......................................................................................................................................... 56
Hoofdstuk 10: Basisbegrippen productie .............................................................................................................. 57
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 57
Productie en productiefactoren ........................................................................................................................ 57
Het productieproces ......................................................................................................................................... 57
De productiefunctie .......................................................................................................................................... 58
De (traditionele) productiefunctie op KT ...................................................................................................... 58
Productiviteit..................................................................................................................................................... 59
Gemiddelde productiviteit ............................................................................................................................ 59
Marginale productiviteit ............................................................................................................................... 59
Wet op de toe- en afnemende marginale productiviteit .............................................................................. 60
Hoofdstuk 11: De optimale factorcombinatie....................................................................................................... 61
Productie-isoquant ............................................................................................................................................ 61
Isokostenlijn ...................................................................................................................................................... 62
Optimale factorkeuze ........................................................................................................................................ 62
Hoofdstuk 12: Productiekosten ............................................................................................................................ 63
Vaste, variabele en totale kosten ...................................................................................................................... 63
Gemiddelde kosten ........................................................................................................................................... 63
Verloop .............................................................................................................................................................. 64
Marginale kosten .............................................................................................................................................. 65
U-vormig verloop MK .................................................................................................................................... 66
Verloop MK versus GVK en GTK .................................................................................................................... 67
Kostenverloop op lange termijn ........................................................................................................................ 68
Schaaleffecten ................................................................................................................................................... 69
3
, Studie van de marktvormen .................................................................................................................................. 71
Duurzaamheidsrapportering ............................................................................................................................. 72
Hoofdstuk 13: Perfecte concurrentie .................................................................................................................... 73
Eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................................. 73
Opbrengsten, winstmaximalisatie en de aanbodcurve van de individuele producent ..................................... 73
Opbrengsten ................................................................................................................................................. 73
Productiebeslissing ....................................................................................................................................... 74
Economisch verlies: sluiten of niet? .............................................................................................................. 77
Individuele aanbodcurve ............................................................................................................................... 77
Producentensurplus op KT ............................................................................................................................ 78
Break-evenhoeveelheid ................................................................................................................................ 79
Hoeveelheid en vooropgestelde winst.......................................................................................................... 79
Marktuitkomst op korte termijn ....................................................................................................................... 80
Marktuitkomst op lange termijn ....................................................................................................................... 81
Is perfeccte concurrentie efficiënt? .............................................................................................................. 83
Samenvatting perfecte concurrentie ............................................................................................................ 83
H14: Monopolie .................................................................................................................................................... 84
Eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................................. 84
Vormen van monopolies ............................................................................................................................... 84
Toetredingsbarrières ......................................................................................................................................... 85
Opbrengsten, winstmaximalisatie en het gedrag van de monopolist .............................................................. 85
Vraag en prijs monopolist ............................................................................................................................. 85
Prijs en totale opbrengst monopolist ............................................................................................................ 86
Prijs, gemiddelde opbrengsten en marginale opbrengsten monopolist ....................................................... 87
Productiebeslissing en winst monopolist ...................................................................................................... 88
Marktmacht en prijsdiscriminatie ..................................................................................................................... 89
Prijsdifferentiatie en- discriminatie............................................................................................................... 89
Perfecte prijsdiscriminatie ............................................................................................................................ 89
Prijsdiscriminatie van de tweede orde .......................................................................................................... 91
Prijsdiscriminatie van de derde orde ............................................................................................................ 91
Monopolie en welvaart ..................................................................................................................................... 92
Een monopolie: goed of niet? ........................................................................................................................... 93
Samenvatting monopolie en perfecte concurrentie ......................................................................................... 93
H15: Monopolistische concurrentie ...................................................................................................................... 94
Eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................................. 94
Opbrengsten, winstmaximalisatie en monopolistische concurrentie op KT ..................................................... 94
Vraag naar goed bij de individuele producent .............................................................................................. 94
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