Samenvatting van het vak 'Biologie'. Dit vak wordt gegeven in de bachelor toegepaste psychologie aan de hogeschool VIVES in Kortrijk. De samenvatting is gebaseerd op de cursus van afstandsonderwijs, maar deze zou overlappen met het dagonderwijs. De inhoudsopgave is terug te vinden in het document.
Biologie
Deel 1 – neurofysiologie
Deel 2 – erfelijkheidsleer
2023-2024
Samenvatting
Yade Houben
VIVES Kortrijk
,Inhoud
DEEL 1 - NEUROFYSIOLOGIE .............................................................................................................. 6
1. Anatomie en fysiologie ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 De mens als biologisch organisme ..................................................................................... 6
1.2 De taal van de biologie......................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Anatomische gebieden ................................................................................................................. 7
2. Het zenuwstelsel................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Belang van het zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................ 7
2.3 Functies van het zenuwstelsel ............................................................................................. 7
2.4 Informatieoverdracht ......................................................................................................... 8
2.4.1 Neuroglia ............................................................................................................................ 8
2.4.2 Structuur van de neuronen................................................................................................. 8
2.4.3 Informatiegeleiding BINNEN het neuron.......................................................................... 9
2.4.4 Informatiegeleiding TUSSEN neuronen of synaptische transmissie ............................... 12
2.5 Het perifeer zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................. 14
2.5.1 Structuur van het perifeer zenuwstelsel ............................................................................ 14
2.6 Het centraal zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................. 14
2.6.1 Het ruggenmerg ................................................................................................................. 14
2.6.2 De hersenen ....................................................................................................................... 16
2.7 Functies van de cerebrale cortex ...................................................................................... 20
2.7.1 Sensorische gebieden ........................................................................................................ 21
2.7.2 De motorische gebieden .................................................................................................... 21
2.7.3 De associatiegebieden........................................................................................................ 21
2.8 Hemisferische lateralisatie ............................................................................................... 22
2.9 Hersenbeschadiging ......................................................................................................... 23
3. De zintuigen ................................................................................................................................... 24
3.1 Het zicht ............................................................................................................................ 24
3.1.1 Het oog .............................................................................................................................. 24
3.1.2 De werking van het oog .................................................................................................... 26
3.2 Het gehoor .........................................................................................................................27
3.2.1 De structuur van het oor....................................................................................................27
3.2.2 De werking van het oor ..................................................................................................... 28
3.2.3 Het oor en evenwicht ........................................................................................................ 28
3.3 De tastzin .......................................................................................................................... 28
3.4 De smaak........................................................................................................................... 29
4. Drugs en psychofarmaca ................................................................................................................ 29
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, 4.1 Biologische werking van psychofarmaca ......................................................................... 30
4.1.1 Agonisten .......................................................................................................................... 30
4.1.2 Antagonisten ..................................................................................................................... 30
4.2 Classificatie van psychofarmaca ........................................................................................ 31
4.2.1 Slaap- en kalmeermiddelen ............................................................................................... 31
4.2.2 Antipsychotica of neuroleptica ......................................................................................... 32
4.2.3 Antidepressiva .................................................................................................................. 32
4.3 Drugs en druggebruik ....................................................................................................... 33
4.4 Gezondheidsrisico’s van druggebruik .............................................................................. 34
4.5 Alle drugs werken in op het beloningssysteem in de hersenen ....................................... 34
4.6 Bespreking van een aantal drugs.......................................................................................35
4.6.1 Verdovende middelen ........................................................................................................35
4.6.2 Stimulerende middelen ..................................................................................................... 37
4.6.3 Bewustzijnsveranderende middelen ................................................................................ 39
4.7 Schematisch overzicht drugs ............................................................................................ 42
DEEL 2 – ERFELIJKHEIDSLEER ....................................................................................................... 43
1. De erfelijke code ............................................................................................................................. 43
1.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................ 43
1.2 De cel ................................................................................................................................. 44
1.2.1 Het celmembraan en het kernmembraan ........................................................................ 44
1.2.2 Het cytoplasma of celsap ...................................................................................................45
1.2.3 De mitochondriën ..............................................................................................................45
1.2.4 Ribosomen .........................................................................................................................45
1.2.5 De centriolen......................................................................................................................45
1.2.6 De celkern ..........................................................................................................................45
1.3 Ons erfelijk materiaal ........................................................................................................45
1.4 Het karyogram .................................................................................................................. 46
1.4.1 De FISH techniek...............................................................................................................47
1.4.2 Array-CGH .........................................................................................................................47
1.5 De chromosoomformule of karyotype.............................................................................. 48
1.6 Hoe ziet het DNA eruit?.................................................................................................... 48
1.7 Van DNA naar lichaamseigenschappen ........................................................................... 48
1.7.1 Transcriptie van DNA naar RNA ...................................................................................... 49
1.7.2 Translatie van RNA naar eiwitten .................................................................................... 49
2. Celdelingen ..................................................................................................................................... 50
2.1 Mitose ............................................................................................................................... 50
2.2 De meiose / reductiedeling................................................................................................ 51
2.2.1 Meiose I.............................................................................................................................. 51
2.2.2 Meiose II ............................................................................................................................52
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