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Samenvatting Biologische Psychologie II: functies (1003186BER)
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BIOLOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE II: FUNCTIESSamenvatting
DOCENT: Prof. Dr. Kris Baetens
Iris Vantomme
1ste schakeljaar – Semester 1
2022 – 2023
Psychologie & Educatiewetenschappen
1
,Inhoudsopgave
DEEL 1 – INLEIDING: STRUCTUREN EN FUNCTIES ............................................................................................. 5
1 Situering van de cursus ............................................................................................................................. 5
2 Netwerkstructureren ................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Voorbeelden.................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Feedback ......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Scherpe en doffe pijn ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Laterale inhibitie ............................................................................................................................. 9
3 Inleiding: zintuigen ................................................................................................................................. 10
3.1 Definitie ......................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Receptoren .................................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Zintuiglijke verwerking .................................................................................................................. 13
DEEL 2 - ZICHT .............................................................................................................................................. 19
1 Het oog ................................................................................................................................................... 19
1.1 De stimulus: licht ........................................................................................................................... 19
1.2 Anatomie van het oog ................................................................................................................... 21
1.3 De retina........................................................................................................................................ 24
1.4 Centraal en perifeer zicht .............................................................................................................. 35
2 Hersenregio’s betrokken bij visuele processen ....................................................................................... 40
2.1 Overzicht van het visuele circuit ................................................................................................... 40
2.2 LGN ................................................................................................................................................ 43
2.3 Cortex striata ................................................................................................................................. 44
2.4 Cortex extrastriata ........................................................................................................................ 45
3 Kleurperceptie ......................................................................................................................................... 47
3.1 Ganglioncellen: licht & donker ...................................................................................................... 47
3.2 Rol van de retina ........................................................................................................................... 55
...................................................................................................................................................................... 58
3.3 Cortex striata ................................................................................................................................. 59
3.4 Cortex extrastriata ........................................................................................................................ 61
4 Vormperceptie ........................................................................................................................................ 63
4.1 Spatiale frequentie ........................................................................................................................ 63
4.2 Cortex striata ................................................................................................................................. 68
4.3 Cortex extrastriata ........................................................................................................................ 69
5 Perceptie van spatiale locatie ................................................................................................................. 74
5.1 Rol van de retina ........................................................................................................................... 74
5.2 Cortex striata ................................................................................................................................. 75
5.3 Cortex extrastriata ........................................................................................................................ 75
6 Perceptie van oriëntatie en beweging .................................................................................................... 78
6.1 Cortex striata ................................................................................................................................. 78
6.2 Cortex extrastriata ........................................................................................................................ 78
DEEL 3 – GEHOOR, EVENWICHT, TAST, SMAAK & GEUR ................................................................................ 81
2
, 1 Gehoor .................................................................................................................................................... 81
1.1 De stimulus: geluid ........................................................................................................................ 81
1.2 Anatomie van het oor ................................................................................................................... 83
1.3 Haarcellen & transductie............................................................................................................... 86
1.4 Het auditieve circuit ...................................................................................................................... 90
1.5 Toonhoogte ................................................................................................................................... 93
1.6 Volume .......................................................................................................................................... 94
1.7 Timbre/klankkleur ......................................................................................................................... 94
1.8 Spatiale locatie .............................................................................................................................. 95
1.9 Complexe geluiden ........................................................................................................................ 99
2 Evenwicht.............................................................................................................................................. 100
2.1 Anatomie van het vestibulaire systeem ...................................................................................... 100
2.2 Het vestibulaire circuit ................................................................................................................ 103
3 Voelen ................................................................................................................................................... 105
3.1 De stimuli .................................................................................................................................... 105
3.2 Anatomie van de huid ................................................................................................................. 105
3.3 Stimulatie van de huid ................................................................................................................ 110
3.4 Het somatosensorische circuit .................................................................................................... 112
3.5 Pijn .............................................................................................................................................. 114
4 Smaak ................................................................................................................................................... 119
4.1 De stimuli .................................................................................................................................... 119
4.2 Anatomie van de smaakpapillen en smaakcellen ....................................................................... 120
4.3 Smaakperceptie .......................................................................................................................... 121
4.4 Het smaakcircuit.......................................................................................................................... 122
5 Geur ...................................................................................................................................................... 123
5.1 De stimulus.................................................................................................................................. 123
5.2 Anatomie van het olfactieve apparaat ........................................................................................ 125
5.3 Transductie.................................................................................................................................. 127
5.4 Perceptie van geuren .................................................................................................................. 128
DEEL 4 - MOTORIEK .................................................................................................................................... 129
1 Skeletspieren ......................................................................................................................................... 129
1.1 Anatomie ..................................................................................................................................... 129
1.2 Contractie .................................................................................................................................... 129
1.3 Sensorische feedback .................................................................................................................. 131
2 Motoriek en het ruggenmerg................................................................................................................ 132
2.1 Monosynaptische stretchreflex................................................................................................... 132
2.2 Polysynaptische reflexen............................................................................................................. 133
3 Motoriek en het brein ........................................................................................................................... 134
3.1 Dalende banen ............................................................................................................................ 134
3.2 Corticale structuren .................................................................................................................... 135
3.3 De motorische associatiecortex .................................................................................................. 137
3.4 Subcorticale structuren ............................................................................................................... 141
4 Complexe motoriek ............................................................................................................................... 148
4.1 Spiegelneuronen ......................................................................................................................... 148
4.2 Corollary discharge...................................................................................................................... 151
3
, DEEL 5 – SLAAP EN BIOLOGISCHE RITMES ................................................................................................... 158
1 Wat is slaap? ........................................................................................................................................ 158
1.1 Slaapstadia .................................................................................................................................. 158
1.2 Hersenactiviteit tijdens de slaap ................................................................................................. 163
2 Waarom slapen we? ............................................................................................................................. 164
2.1 Functies van SWS-slaap ............................................................................................................... 164
2.2 Functies van REM-slaap .............................................................................................................. 167
2.3 Slaap en leren .............................................................................................................................. 167
3 Fysiologische slaap/waakmechanismes ............................................................................................... 169
3.1 Neurale controle van slaap ......................................................................................................... 169
3.2 Neurale controle van waakzaamheid .......................................................................................... 171
3.3 Neurale controle van slaap/waak overgangen............................................................................ 175
3.4 Neurale controle van REM-transitie ............................................................................................ 177
4 Slaapstoornissen ................................................................................................................................... 179
4.1 Insomnie...................................................................................................................................... 179
4.2 Narcolepsie ................................................................................................................................. 180
4.3 REM-slaapgedragsstoornis .......................................................................................................... 182
4.4 SWS problemen ........................................................................................................................... 182
5 Biologische klokken ............................................................................................................................... 182
5.1 Circadiaanse ritmes ..................................................................................................................... 182
5.2 Nucleus suprachiasmaticus ......................................................................................................... 184
5.3 Pijnappelklier en melatonine ...................................................................................................... 186
5.4 Shiften en jet lag ......................................................................................................................... 186
DEEL 6 - STRESS .......................................................................................................................................... 187
1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 187
1.1 De stress-respons ........................................................................................................................ 187
2 Stress en evolutie .................................................................................................................................. 190
2.1 Parallellen tussen soorten ........................................................................................................... 190
2.2 Trade-offs .................................................................................................................................... 191
2.3 Stress en vroege ervaringen ........................................................................................................ 191
3 Prenatale stress en zorg........................................................................................................................ 194
3.1 Prenatale stress ........................................................................................................................... 194
3.2 De rol van zorg ............................................................................................................................ 195
3.3 Impact op hippocampus .............................................................................................................. 196
4 Stress, de mens en psychopathologie ................................................................................................... 197
4.1 Adaptiviteit van de stressrespons... ............................................................................................ 197
4.2 Invloeden op mentale stress ....................................................................................................... 197
4.3 Psychopathologie ........................................................................................................................ 198
4.4 Adaptiviteit revisited ................................................................................................................... 199
5 Stress en gezondheid ............................................................................................................................ 200
5.1 LT gezondheidseffecten .............................................................................................................. 200
5.2 Psycho-neuro-immunologie ........................................................................................................ 200
4
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