Dit is een volledige samenvatting van het deel van Matthieu Lenoir. Zowel hoofdzaken als bijzaken staan genoteerd. Ideaal voor personen die moeilijk kunnen studeren uit doorlopende teksten. Ook afbeeldingen zijn overgenomen. 75p
Motorische Controle en Leren
Inhoudsopgave
Afbakening en definiëring .............................................................................................................................. 5
‘Vaardigheid’ en ‘beweging’ .......................................................................................................................... 5
‘Skills’ en ‘abilities’ ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Evenwicht................................................................................................................................................... 7
Fleischman (je moet er een paar kunnen opnoemen) ............................................................................. 8
van ability naar motorische vaardigheid ................................................................................................... 9
Taakanalyse................................................................................................................................................ 9
Vaardigheidsprocessen ................................................................................................................................ 10
Vaardigheidscomponenten.......................................................................................................................... 10
Classificaties van gedrag .............................................................................................................................. 10
EXAMEN! Taxonomie van Gentile (2000) .................................................................................................... 11
Meten van motorische vaardigheden.......................................................................................................... 12
Productvariabelen........................................................................................................................................ 12
Reactietijd ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Eendimensionale foutscores .................................................................................................................... 13
Tweedimensionale foutscores ................................................................................................................. 13
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ............................................................................................................. 14
Procesvariabelen.......................................................................................................................................... 14
Coördinatie .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Brain imaging technieken: ........................................................................................................................... 16
Elektro-encefalogram (EEG) ..................................................................................................................... 16
Positron Emission Tomografie (PET) ........................................................................................................ 16
Functionele Magnetische Resonantie Imaging (fMRI) ............................................................................. 17
BESLUIT: Toepasbaarheid voor motor control: ....................................................................................... 17
Fitts’ Law: Speed-accuracy trade-off ........................................................................................................... 18
illustratie (Latash & Jaric, 2002)............................................................................................................... 19
Coördinatie .................................................................................................................................................. 19
Het probleem van de vrijheidsgraden ......................................................................................................... 20
Oplossing 1: centrale sturing ................................................................................................................... 21
Motorisch programma ................................................................................................................................. 21
Enkele modellen van centrale sturing ......................................................................................................... 21
Gegeneraliseerd motorisch programma = GMP (Schmidt, 1975) ............................................................... 22
1
, Gegeneraliseerd motorisch programma (nu?) ....................................................................................... 22
GMP theorie: de grammofoon-analogie.................................................................................................. 23
GMP bij bipedale locomotie .................................................................................................................... 23
Programma: pro en contra .......................................................................................................................... 24
Experiment 1: pro programmeren ........................................................................................................... 24
Experiment 2: pro programmeren ........................................................................................................... 24
Experiment 3: pro programmeren ........................................................................................................... 24
Bewust en onbewust bijsturen .................................................................................................................... 25
Reflexmatige bijsturing ............................................................................................................................ 25
Programmeren en/of bijsturen? .................................................................................................................. 26
Productscores .......................................................................................................................................... 26
Processcores ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Het probleem van de vrijheidsgraden Oplossing 2: perifere autonomie ............................................... 27
Dynamische systeem theorie = ecologische benadering ............................................................................. 27
Niet-lineariteit: Het ruitenwisser-experiment van Kelso ........................................................................ 29
Attractoren en hysteresis .................................................................................................................... 29
Dynamical systems bij bipedale locomotie.............................................................................................. 30
Zelforganisatie ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Coördinatieve structuren ......................................................................................................................... 30
Ecologische benadering: koppeling waarnemen - handelen ................................................................... 31
Visuele flow.......................................................................................................................................... 31
Terminologie: perceptie....................................................................................................................... 31
Indelingen informatie .................................................................................................................................. 33
Indelingen informatie .................................................................................................................................. 34
Tactiele informatie ................................................................................................................................... 34
Proprioceptieve informatie...................................................................................................................... 35
Proprioceptie in motor control ............................................................................................................ 35
Proprioceptie: effecten ........................................................................................................................ 35
Visueel systeem ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Visus en motor control ........................................................................................................................ 36
Etappes in informatieverwerking ............................................................................................................ 37
Stimulus Identificatie ........................................................................................................................... 37
Respons Selectie / Programmering...................................................................................................... 38
Toetsen van informatieverwerking...................................................................................................... 38
Soorten reactietijden ........................................................................................................................... 38
Beïnvloedende factoren van informatieverwerking ................................................................................ 39
2
, Aantal S-R mogelijkheden ........................................................................................................................ 39
RT bij meerkeuze ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Aandacht ...................................................................................................................................................... 40
Psychologische Refractaire Periode ......................................................................................................... 41
Aandacht .................................................................................................................................................. 41
Samenvatting aandacht ........................................................................................................................... 42
Implicaties voor de praktijk ..................................................................................................................... 42
Geheugen ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
Korte Termijn Sensorische Opslagplaats ................................................................................................. 43
Korte Termijn Geheugen.......................................................................................................................... 43
Lange Termijn Geheugen ......................................................................................................................... 44
Geheugen: overzicht ................................................................................................................................ 44
Posturaal evenwicht .................................................................................................................................... 45
Actie-voorbereiding ................................................................................................................................. 46
Handenstand ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Stappen en lopen ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Visuele input ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Toepassing: stappen bij patiënten met Parkinson............................................................................... 50
Wijzen, reiken, grijpen en vangen ............................................................................................................... 50
Visus en ‘prehension’ ................................................................................................................................... 51
Wat is motorisch leren? ............................................................................................................................... 52
Leren afleiden uit transfer ....................................................................................................................... 54
Etappes in leren: inleiding ........................................................................................................................... 56
Fitts & Posner (1967!): kenmerken .............................................................................................................. 56
Fitts & Posner (1967): relevantie ................................................................................................................. 57
Gentile (2000): 2 stadia................................................................................................................................ 57
Veranderingen tijdens leerproces ............................................................................................................... 58
1. Mate van vooruitgang ....................................................................................................................... 58
2. Stabiliteit – instabiliteit – stabiliteit .................................................................................................. 59
3. Daling van cognitieve belasting ......................................................................................................... 59
4. Kennis en kennisstructuur ................................................................................................................. 59
5. Foutendetectie en –verbetering ....................................................................................................... 60
6. Manier van bereiken van doel........................................................................................................... 60
7. Verandering in coördinatie................................................................................................................ 60
8. Energieverbruik (bewegingsefficiëntie) ............................................................................................ 61
9. Spiergebruik ...................................................................................................................................... 61
3
, 10. Verandering in visuele aandachtspunten.......................................................................................... 61
Wat is feedback? .......................................................................................................................................... 62
Categorieën van feedback ........................................................................................................................... 62
Hoe werkt feedback? ................................................................................................................................... 62
!! Nuttig? Nodig? Overbodig? Schadelijk? ................................................................................................... 63
Inhoud van Feedback .................................................................................................................................. 64
1. Kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve FB......................................................................................................... 64
3. Knowledge of Result (KR) en Knowledge of Performance (KP) ......................................................... 65
3. Positieve en negatieve FB .................................................................................................................... 65
4. GMP en parameter FB ......................................................................................................................... 65
5. Richting en precisie .............................................................................................................................. 66
6 Prescriptieve en descriptieve FB ........................................................................................................... 66
7. Overbodige en verkeerde FB ............................................................................................................... 66
Timing van feedback: tijdens of na? ............................................................................................................ 66
Timing van feedback: frequentie? ............................................................................................................... 66
Organisatie van een oefensessie ................................................................................................................. 69
8 basisconcepten oefensessie ..................................................................................................................... 69
Examen......................................................................................................................................................... 75
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