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Summary Management Information Systems CH 5
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Summary Chapter 5 Book: Management Information Systems
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Management InformationSystems
Chapter 5
5.1 What is It-Infrastructure and what are the stages and drivers of IT
infrastructure evolution?
Information Technology Infrastructure = the shared technology resources that provide the
platform for the firm’s specific information system applications. (Hardware, software and
services)
An IT infrastructure consists of a set of physical and software applications that are required to
operate the entire enterprise. But an IT infrastructure is also a set of firm wide services
budgeted by management and compromising both human and technical capabilities. These
services include:
Computing platforms used to provide computing services that connect employees,
customers, and suppliers into a coherent digital environment, including large
mainframes, midrange computers, desktop and laptop computers, and mobile
handheld and remote cloud computing services.
Telecommunication systems that provide data, voice and video connectivity to
employees, customers and suppliers.
Data management services that store and manage corporate data and provide
capabilities for analysing the data
Application software services, including online software services, that provide
enterprise-wide capabilities such as enterprise resource planning, customer
relationship management, supply chain management, and knowledge management
systems that are shared by all business units
Physical facilities management services that develop and manage the physical
installations required for computing, telecommunications and data management
services.
IT management services that plan and develop the infrastructure, coordinate with the
business units for IT services, manage accounting for IT expenditure, and provide
project management services
IT standard services that provide the firm and its business units with policies that
determine which information technology will be used, when, and how.
IT education services that provide training in system use to employees and offer
managers training in how to plan and manage IT investments.
IT research and development services that provide the firm with research on potential
future IT projects and investments that could help the firm differentiate itself in the
marketplace.
The 5 stages of evolution of IT infrastructure
1. General-purpose Mainframe and Minicomputer Era (1959-present)
The mainframe era was a period of highly centralized computing under the
control of professional programmers and system operators, with most
elements of infrastructure provided by a single vendor, the manufacturer of the
hardware and software.
, Mainframe = large computers used primarily by large organizations for critical
applications, bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer
statistics, enterprise resource planning, and transaction processing. Central
computer.
Minicomputers = A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of
the features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical
size.
2. Personal Computer Era (1981-present)
3. Client/Server Era (1983-present)
In client/server computing, desktop or laptop computers called clients are
networked to powerful server computers that provide the clients computers
with a variety of services and capabilities.
Two-tiered clients/server architecture = a client computer networked to a
server computer, with processing split between the two types of machines.
Multi-tiered client/server architecture (N-tier) = the work of the entire network
is balanced over several different levels of servers, depending on the kind of
service being requested.
4. Enterprise Computing Era (1992-present)
5. Cloud and Mobile Computing Era (2000-present)
Cloud computing = refers to a model of computing that provides access to a
shared pool of computing resources (computers, storage, applications and
services) over a network, often the internet.
These clouds of computing resources can be accessed on an as-needed
basis from any connected device and location.
Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution
Moore’s Law: is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated
circuit doubles approximately every two years.
Nanotechnology = uses individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips and
other devices that are thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit.
The law of Mass Digital Storage = The amount of digital information is roughly
doubling every year. The cost of storing digital information is falling at an exponential
rate of 100% a year.
Metcalfe’s Law = The value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function
of the number of network member. As the number of members in a network grows
lineary, the value of the entire system grows exponentially and continues to grow
forever as members increase.
(De waarde van een netwerk neemt kwadratisch toe met het aantal aangesloten
apparaten).
A fourth driver transforming the IT infrastructure is the rapid decline in the costs of
communication and the exponential growth in the size of the internet.
Technology standards = are specifications that establish the compatibility of products and the
ability to communicate in a network.
5.2 What are the components of IT infrastructure?
IT infrastructure today is composed of 7 major components. The components constitute
investments that must be coordinated with one another to provide the firm with a coherent
infrastructure.
1. Computer Hardware Platforms
2. Operating Systems Platforms
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