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Summary GGH1501 - Learning Unit 4
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Summary of Learning Unit 4
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1Learning Unit 4 (Patterns and trends of the global
population)
Excluded:
Infectious diseases – PB Sect B, Ch 5: 136-137
Changing origin of U.S. immigrants PB Sect B, Ch 6:156-157
Key terms
Population: Section B, Chapter 5, pages 116 to 139.
Agricultural density: The ratio of the number of farmers to the total
amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Arable land: The land suited for agriculture.
Arithmetic density: Measures total number of people living in an area.
Crude birth rate (CBR): Total number of live births in a year for every 1 000
people alive in society.
Crude death rate (CDR): Total number of deaths in a year for every 1 000
people alive in society.
Demographic transition: Process of change in society’s population from a
condition of high CBR and CDR and low NIR to a
condition of low CBR and CDR, low NIR and higher
total population.
Dependency ratio: The number of people who are too young or too old
to work, compared to the number of people in their
productive years.
Doubling time: Number of years needed to double a population,
assuming a constant NIR.
Elderly support ratio: Number of working-age people (15-64) divided by
number of persons 65 or older.
Epidemiologic transition: Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the
demographic transition.
Epidemiology: Branch of medical science concerned with the
incidence, distribution and control of diseases that
affect large numbers of people.
Infant mortality rate The annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year
(IMR): for every 1 000 live births.
Life expectancy: The average number of years a newborn infant can
expect to live – looking at the current mortality levels.
Natural increase rate Percentage a population grows in a year.
(NIR):
Overpopulation: Number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of
the environment to support life at a decent standard
of living.
Pandemic: Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and
affects a high proportion of the population.
Physiological density: Number of people per unit of area of arable land,
which is suitable for agriculture.
Summaries by Marizanne du Plessis. All rights reserved.
, 2
Population pyramid: A bar graph displaying the percentage of a place’s
population for each age and gender.
Total fertility rate (TFR): Average number of children a woman will have
throughout her childbearing years (15-49).
Migration: Section B, Chapter 6, pages 140 to 163.
Arrivals: The entry of people into a country.
Brain drain: Loss of highly trained professionals due to
emigration.
Counterurbanization: Residential relocation from urban and suburban
places to rural ones.
Demic diffusion: The movement of people through space over time.
Diaspora: Widespread diffusion of people from their region of
origin.
Displacement: When people are compelled to move from one
place to another.
Ecotourism: Tourism meant to lessen the visitors’ impact on the
environment.
Emigration: Out-migration from one area to another area.
Environmentally Individuals compelled to flee natural disasters.
displaced persons:
Exclusionary policies: Governmental rules to prevent immigration.
Forced migration: Migrants fleeing to avoid disaster or violence.
Guest workers: Immigrants admitted to meet demand for more
workers.
Human origins: When and where modern humans first appeared
and how they peopled the Earth.
Immigrant nation: Country whose population’s primarily composed of
immigrants and their descendants.
Immigration: In-migration to an area from another.
Inclusionary policies: Governmental rules to accommodate or encourage
immigration.
Internally displaced Persons compelled to migrate within their country of
persons (IDPs): origin.
Interregional migration: Migration between 2 regions of the same country.
Intraregional migration: Migration within 1 region.
Migration stream: A sustained movement of people from 1 source
area to a common destination area.
Naturalize: Process of becoming a citizen of a country that’s
not your country of origin.
Net migration: Numerical difference between immigration and
emigration.
Pull factors: Migration destination’s features that attract in-
migration.
Push factors: Migration origin’s features that cause out-migration.
Refugee: Person compelled to migrate outside their country
due to international convention.
Summaries by Marizanne du Plessis. All rights reserved.
, 3
Remittances: Money migrants send to their families in their place
of origin.
Residential mobility: Movement of households from one place to
another.
Seasonal migrants: Work part of the year tending certain
crops/activities.
Selective immigration Governmental rules to include or exclude migrants.
policies:
Settler migration: Individuals or households migrating to new
colonies.
Temporary labor Migrants looking for work, but not migrating
migrants: permanently.
Undocumented Migrants entering a country without the legal
immigrants: documents required to do so.
Visa: Permission that’s granted to enter a country that’s
granted prior to or during arrival.
Population concentrations:
An understanding of where people live, why they live there and how populations
change over time can be regarded as fundamental to human geography.
The spatial pattern of the global population distribution:
• Human beings are not distributed uniformly across Earth’s surface.
• Human beings avoid clustering in certain physical environments, especially those
that are too dry, too wet, too cold, or too mountainous for activities such as
agriculture, such as Cold lands (North + South Poles (too cold), Sub-Saharan Africa
(too dry + hot), Brazil’s Amazon River (too wet) and South America (too
mountainous).
• Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in 4 regions - East Asia, Europe,
Southeast Asia and South Asia, because they show similarities – most live near an
ocean or river with easy access to an ocean, rather than in the interior of major
landmasses, they also occupy generally low-lying areas, with fertile soil + temperate
climate.
Summaries by Marizanne du Plessis. All rights reserved.
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