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COS2621 Summary for Prescribed Book and NASM for DOS-Box

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COS2621 summary for the prescribed book. Summary of NASM (assembly language) bit manipulation and useful keywords.

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  • Chapter 1 to 9, 11 and 13
  • October 20, 2023
  • 116
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Available practice questions

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Some examples from this set of practice questions

1.

Name the 4 logic instructions used in assembly for bit manipulation.

Answer: AND, OR, XOR, NOT

2.

What does the AND instruction do?

Answer: Performs a Boolean AND operation between each pair of matching bits in two operands.

3.

What does the OR instruction do?

Answer: Performs a Boolean OR operation between each pair of matching bits in two operands.

4.

What does the XOR instruction do?

Answer: Performs a Boolean exclusive-OR operation between each pair of matching bits in two operands. It is also a useful way to invert bits in an operand.

5.

What does the NOT instruction do?

Answer: Performs a Boolean NOT operation on a single destination operand.

6.

Where is the result stored of the AND, OR and XOR operations? (i.e. AND destination, source)

Answer: The result is stored in the destination, which must be a general register or a memory location.

7.

Fill in the blank. The Destination and Source cannot both be ____________.

Answer: memory locations

8.

What flags are effected by AND, OR and XOR instructions?

Answer: Zero flag (ZF), Sign flag (SF), Parity flag (PF) are affected. carry flag (CF) and overflow flag (OF) are cleared. AF is undefined

9.

Name the 4 instructions used to clear a registry.

Answer: MOV, SUB, AND or XOR instruction can be used to clear a registry.

10.

Name the 2 instructions used to clear a memory location.

Answer: MOV or AND instructions can be used to clear a memory location.

COS2621 - Computer Organization

Summary 2013


Ref. Chap Title Page

1. 1 Introduction 2

2. 2 Computer Evolution & Peformance 5

3. 3 A Top-Level View of Computer Function & Interconnection 10

4. 4 Cache Memory

5. 5 Internal Memory Technology

6. 6 External Memory

7. 7 Input / Output

8. 9 Computer Arithmetic

9. 10 Instruction Sets: Characteristics & Functions

10. 11 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes & Formats

11. 12 Processor Structure & Function

12. 13 Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)

13. Appendix B - Assembly Language & Related Topics



Computer Organization and Architecture - Designing for Performance
8th Edition - William Stallings




v1.00 April 2013
Ron Barnard

,Chapter 1 - Introduction


Chapter 1 - Introduction

Summary

1.1 Organization and Architecture

Computer architecture - refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer, ie: those attributes
that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.

Examples are: instruction set, number of bits used to represent various data types, I/O mechanisms, and
techniques for addressing memory.


Computer organization - refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications.

Examples are: hardware details transparent to the programmer such as - control signals, interfaces between
the computer and peripherals, and the memory technology used.


The distinction between architecture and organization is important. Manufacturers offer a family of computer
models with the same architecture, but with differences in organization. Different models in the family have
different price and performance characteristics. A particular architecture may span many years, with its
organization changing with changing technology.


1.2 Structure and Function

Structure - The way in which the components are interelated.

Function - The operation of each individual component as part of the structure.


Function

There are four basic functions that a computer can perform -

• Data processing - Computer must be able to process data;
• Data storage - Must be able to store data that is being processed, as well as long-term storage;
• Data movement - Must be able to move data between itself and the outside world. When data are
received or delivered to a device that is directly connected to the computer, the process is known as
input-output (I/O), and the device is referred to as a peripheral. When data are moved over longer
distances, to or from remote devices, the process is known as data communications.

• Control - Must be control of above 3 functions. Ultimately control is exercised by the programmer,
who provides computer with instructions. Within the computer a control unit manages the computers'
resources, in response to those instructions.


Structure

Four main structural components - (There may be one or more of each)

• Central Processing Unit (CPU) - Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions;



Page 2 of 65

, Chapter 1 - Introduction

◦ Control unit - Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer;
◦ Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) - Performs the computers' data processing functions;
◦ Registers - Provides storage internal to the CPU;
◦ CPU interconnection - Mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers.

• Main memory - Stores data;

• I/O - Moves data between the computer and its external environment;

• System interconnection - provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O -
system bus.


0.3 Why study Computer Organization & Architecture ? (Read Appendix B: Assembly Language - Text
book)

Computer organization and architecture encompasses a broad range of design issues and concepts. A good
overall understanding of these concepts will be useful in other areas of study and work.



Why study Assembly language -

• Assembly language code is often much smaller and faster than code written in a high-level
language;

• We could speed up the execution time of a program if those parts of the program that are performed
frequently are written in assembly language;

• With assembly language programming we have complete access to hardware. This is not possible
with high-level languages;

• A basic understanding of low-level programming is essential for understanding the intricacies of
compilers and operating systems;

• It is easier to understand the operation of a computer at the architctural level if we have knowledge
of assembly language.




Page 3 of 65

, Chapter 1 - Introduction


Key Terms

• arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) - A part of a computer that performs arithmetic operations, logic
operations, and related operations.

• central processing unit (CPU) - Controls the operaton of a computer, and performs its data
processing functions.

• computer architecture - refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer, ie: those
attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.

• computer organization - refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications.
• control unit - Controls the operation of the CPU, and hence the computer.

• input-output (I/O) - Refers to the movement of data between a computer and a directly attached
peripheral, or other remote devices.

• main memory - Program addressable storage from which instructions and other data can be
loaded directly into registers for subsequent execution or processing

• processor - See Central Processing Unit (CPU).

• registers - Provide storage internal to the CPU.

• system bus - Interconnection between CPU, main memory, and I/O; consisting of a number of
conducting wires attached to all the other components.


--ooOoo--




Page 4 of 65

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