This summary describes the main lines of the Clinical Exercise Physiology course. The summary is divided into the different weeks that the subject has. For example, the following components are covered: respiration, circulation, the influence of exercise on the body, the building of muscles with th...
When going down in the pulmonary system:
- The amount of cilia decreases.
Cilia is necessary to clear the air and this needs to be done before the alveoli.
- The thickness of the epithelial will decrease.
The smaller the layer, the more simple the gas exchange will be.
- The amount of elastin will increase.
Lower in the pulmonary system there are no bones, so more elastin is necessary.
- The mucus will decrease.
Upper airway → much mucus. Lower airway → les mucus.
Mucus makes gas transport harder.
Lower airways → bronchili and alveoli. The rest: upper part.
Functions of the pulmonary system:
1. Gas transport / conducting
2. Gas exchange (lower airway) (between alveoli – pulmonary capillary)
3. Warming (oro- and nasopharynx; gas exchange is better in body temperature)
4. Moisturizing
5. Defense (filtering)
Ventilation: the breathing pump:
- Respiratory muscles
o Diaphragm → n. Phrenicus
- Chest wall (tends to expand)
- Lungs (tends to collapse, because of the elastic tissue)
- Pleural cavity
Expiratory flow occurs when the alveolar pressure (PA) exceeds barometric pressure (Pb)
Inspiration (active):
1. Contraction of the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm, intercostals).
2. Volume thorax increases and Pip decreases (more negative).
3. PA < PB, and air flows from outside into the lungs.
Expiration (passive):
1. Relaxation of inspiratory muscles (Pip increases, less negative).
2. Gravity and elastic recoil of the lung: volume thorax and lungs decrease.
3. If volume decreases, PA increases → PA > Pb.
4. Air flows out of the lungs.
,FRC = extra expiratory volume (this includes: ERV, RV)
Elastic recoil depends on:
- Elasticity / compliance of the tissue
- Surface tension (surfactant decreases this tension)
Functions of surfactant:
- Decreases surface tension
- Avoids airway collapse
- Decreases work of breathing
, A
Fick’s law of diffusion: V gas = D x (p1 – p2) x ----------
T
D = diffusion constant
P1-p2 = pressure difference between the two sites of the membrane
A = membrane surface
T = membrane thickness
Value depends on:
Age, posture, gender, ethnicity
Asthma → medication has a big impact on the flow volume curve.
, Obstructive → problem with the flow.
Restrictive → smaller volume, the flow is quite okay.
Values lung capacity:
Pred predicted value
Pred LL lower limit of the predicted value
Pre Pre-medication
Post Post-medication
%Rev How much better the post-value t.o.v pre-value is.
%pre Percentage t.o.v. predicted value
Tiff FEV1 / VC
Z-score Standard deviation
MEF25 maximum expiratory flow, 25% still has to be exhaled (problem? → low obstruction)
MEF50 maximum expiratory flow, 50% still has to be exhaled (problem? → high obstruction)
DCO diffusion-capacity, independent of the size of the lungs
KCO DCO, dependent of the lung capacity. (so the corrected DCO)
BE base excess (overschot aan base dat aanwezig is)
Under lower limit of normal / z-score isn’t [-1,64 – 1,64 ] : something wrong, not normal!
Height has a larger impact on the values than weight!
Where to look at during these cases:
- Restriction: TLC, VC
- Obstruction: Tiff, MEF 50, MEF 25
- Diffusion: DCO, KCO
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller annegeneeskunde. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.42. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
