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Lecture notes Introduction to marine sciences (MAE10806)
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Lecture notes of 19 pages for the course Introduction to marine sciences at WUR (college notes)
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Introduction to marine sciences - MAE10806_2023_1Contents
Lecture 3/13: Social ecological systems..................................................................................................3
Dimensions SES...................................................................................................................................3
Lecture 5: Ecosystem services................................................................................................................5
Ecosystem services.............................................................................................................................5
4 types............................................................................................................................................5
EXAMPLES...........................................................................................................................................5
Mangroves......................................................................................................................................5
Seagrass..........................................................................................................................................5
Deep sea.........................................................................................................................................5
Lecture 6: Multi use of marine systems..................................................................................................6
Anthropogenic activities.....................................................................................................................6
Fisheries..........................................................................................................................................6
Lecture 7: Flatfish...................................................................................................................................7
Reproduction......................................................................................................................................7
Metamorphosis..................................................................................................................................7
Habitat and migration.........................................................................................................................7
Longevity and mortality......................................................................................................................7
Lecture 8: Fishing in the north sea.........................................................................................................8
Fishing gears.......................................................................................................................................8
Development of pulse trawl...............................................................................................................9
Lecture 9: living marine resources........................................................................................................10
Landings............................................................................................................................................10
Function of landings.....................................................................................................................10
Greenhouse gas emissions...............................................................................................................10
Lecture 10: Fisheries management.......................................................................................................11
How do we manage?........................................................................................................................11
Fish stock assessment.......................................................................................................................11
Shaefer stock assessment model..................................................................................................11
Fisheries governance........................................................................................................................12
Lecture 14: marine pollution................................................................................................................13
Physical.........................................................................................................................................13
Natural compounds......................................................................................................................13
Chemical.......................................................................................................................................13
, Non-indigenous species................................................................................................................13
Lecture 15: Pulse fishing.......................................................................................................................14
Studies..............................................................................................................................................14
Catch efficiency.............................................................................................................................14
Field observations.........................................................................................................................14
Efficiency change for optimal size.................................................................................................14
Effects pulse stimulation...............................................................................................................14
Effects on early life stages of sole.................................................................................................14
Internal injuries.............................................................................................................................14
Lecture 17: Climate change..................................................................................................................15
Marine heatwaves............................................................................................................................15
Acidification......................................................................................................................................15
Lecture 18: Habitat loss, change and rehabilitation.............................................................................16
Lecture 20: Coral reef ecosystem and services.....................................................................................17
Benthic pelagic coupling...................................................................................................................17
Benthos.........................................................................................................................................17
Key concepts.................................................................................................................................17
Ecosystem services of coral..............................................................................................................17
Drivers of change..............................................................................................................................17
Distal.............................................................................................................................................17
Local..............................................................................................................................................17
Lecture 21: Restoration of coral...........................................................................................................18
Active reef restoration:.....................................................................................................................18
Asexual propagation/ gardening...................................................................................................18
Sexual reproduction......................................................................................................................18
Artificial reefs................................................................................................................................18
Herbivore restoration...................................................................................................................18
, Lecture 3/13: Social ecological systems
In the 1960 they were integrating humans and ecology (environment) > early description of
the social – ecological systems, but humans were seen as a organism and not as a social
aspect
Carson wrote a book which lead to people to think about social action on ecological systems
Social ecological system: systems in which human (social) systems are interdependent, inseparable
and intertwined (linked in many ways) with ecosystems, embedded within and dependent upon the
biosphere and the broader earth system..
Direct drivers: social activities which increase, mitigate or maintain pressure on the environment.
Indirect drivers: underlying causes for why and how social activity increases or mitigates pressure on
the environment.
Deep leverage points: System dimensions that are more difficult to alter but potentially result in
transformational change.
> restructure, reconnect an re-think
Shallow leverage points: System dimensions that are relatively easy to intervene in yet bring about
little change to the overall functioning of the system.
> practices, technologies, knowledge and values
Dimensions SES
1. System level thinking: The goal is to understand the bigger picture by focusing on the
smaller complex parts of social and ecological systems.
2. Levels and scales:
social levels> institutions (norms and rules that steer how we behave)
ecological scales> spatial and temporal dimensions of an object pattern or process
>> Relations can be concordant or discordant
3. System level effect: changes of eco systems affect societies, but society change eco systems
4. System interactions: knowledge, practices, values an technologies are factors to face and
understand challenges in SES
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