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Politics, Media & Communication notes SECOND HALF

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Notes from lectures and readings for the second half of Politics, Media & Communication, taught by T.N. Incerti. Including lectures 8-11, only ones needed for the final exam.

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  • October 25, 2023
  • 27
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • T.n incerti
  • 8-11
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Week 4

Readings

Chinese State Media Persuades a Global Audience That the “China Model” is
Superior: Evidence From a 19-Country Experiment – Incerti et al. (2023)

Summary
- Content from tens of thousands of videos from China and the United States’
foreign media arms
o China actively promotes its authoritarian model as an alternative to
democracy to foreign audiences
o The US attempts to shape public opinion in favor of democracy
- Experiments replicated across 19 countries to see how external state media
influences public opinion towards the desirability of democratic and
authoritarian political systems
o Chinese messages are successful
 Viewing real Chinese state media messages doubles support for
China’s political and economic models, causing a majority to
prefer their model over the US
- Global audiences find authoritarian political systems appealing when state media
reveals credible information about competent governance by non-democratic
stats
- Randomly assign respondents to one of four arms
o A placebo group
o A Chinese messaging group
o An American messaging group
o A competition arm in which respondents receive both Chinese and
American messaging
- Findings
o Messages are effective at persuading audiences of Chinese government
performance
 Not so much that the system is democratic
 Sufficient exposure to Chinese media could result in shifts in
global public opinion towards China
o American messages modestly increase support for the US democratic
and economic system and for American global leadership
o Chinese messaging about the merits of the China model are more
persuasive than American messaging about the merits of democracy
 Chinese messaging is effective because it persuades global
audiences of the high performance of the Chinese government
- Hypotheses:
o H1: State media from non-democratic regimes builds global support for
authoritarian political and economic models
o H2: Pro-democracy messages from democracies should persuade
audiences of the superiority of democratic systems
o H3: When exposed to competing messages, global audiences will move
towards preferring the autocratic model


1

, o H4: State media from authoritarian regimes will be more successful in
developing regions
o H5: Chinese messaging contains new information on government
performance, so it will be especially effective
- China uses a “hybrid” approach to foreign messaging, mixing traditional
broadcast media with the use of social media to amplify messages
- Stories in the political category contain three strands:
o Competent leadership
 Highlight how CCP institutions lead to the selection of competent
leaders
o Responsive institutions
 Focus on the legitimacy and responsiveness of CCP institutions
o Western political disfunction
 Focus on protests, racism, and political violence in the US and
Europe, drawing contrast with political stability in China
- Stories in the economic category contain three strands:
o Poverty alleviation
 How China has lifted people out of poverty over the last four
decades
o Trade and innovation
 Focus on how China has driven global trade and economic gains
around the world
o Infrastructure
 Infrastructure-building efforts at home and abroad
- American broadcasting offices alter and expand localized coverage in respond to
geopolitical events
- American Politics category
o Promotion of American diversity and immigration
o Videos promoting strong civil liberties
- American economic category
o Videos promoting entrepreneurship and innovation and education system
- Conclusion
o Chinese messaging is more persuasive

How Autocrats Manipulate Economic News: Evidence from Russia’s State Controlled
Television – Rozenas and Stukal (2019)

Summary
- Autocrats are increasingly employing information manipulation to create a
perception that they are competent economic managers who should stay in office
- The government is more likely to incentivize the media to report economic facts
as they are but frame them in a way that shifts the blame
o Woth economic news, selective attribution should dominate censorship
- Case of Russia
o Carefully crafted manipulation methods
- Two novel empirical regularities
o State media does not censor negative economic facts
 Media employs selective attribution


2

,  Attributes the bad news to the actions of foreign
governments and good news to the actions of Russia’s
political elites
 Constructed either by invoking explicit causal narratives
or by association
o The use of selective attribution intensifies during elections and popular
protests
 Also when the country’s leadership is widely supported by the
population
- Findings suggest that governments can switch between censorship and selective
attribution, depending on what’s easier and benefits the government most
- Existing literature
o Bad news can’t hurt the government unless citizens draw a causal
connection to the government’s performance
- Findings
o Moderate support for the hypothesis that the degree of manipulation
increases in time of elections or when it needs to persuade them against
participating in postelection protests
o No support for the proposition that news are manipulated more when the
leader’s support is weak


How Soft Propaganda Persuades – Mattingly & Yao (2022)

Summary
- Soft propaganda is typically disseminated in entertaining media and makes
relatively credible claims
- Experiment with Chinese soft-propaganda
o Explore the effectiveness of soft propaganda at fomenting anti-foreign
nationalist attitudes
o Show that emotionally rousing soft propaganda has long-lasting effects
on nationalist political attitudes
o Exposure to propaganda made respondents more likely to sign a petition
calling on Japan to apologize for its actions during WWII.
o Effective not only stirs up emotions but gives them a foreign source of
grievances
- Findings
o Exposure to nationalist propaganda does not reduce likelihood to protest
against the government
o No evidence that nationalist propaganda is more effective among
younger generations at fomenting anti-foreign sentiment or hawkishness
 But: more effective and provoking anger

Why Botter: How Pro-Government Bots Fight Opposition in Russia – Stukal et al.
(2022)

Summary
- Two alternative theoretical frameworks for predicting the use of pro-regime bots
o Bot deployment in response to offline protest

3

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