Samenvatting algemene immunologie - deel van De Meester - 17/20 behaald
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Course
Immunologie en immunopathologie (1068FBDDIE)
Institution
Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)
Deel van het vak immunologie en immunpathologie dat gegeven wordt door Ingrid de Meulemeester.
Zeer duidelijke en overzichtelijke samenvatting
Dit is een samenvatting bestaande uit de lessen, de slides en haar uitgeschreven cursus.
Ik heb hiermee een 17/20 behaald
Hoofdstuk 1: inleiding tot het immuunsysteem ............................................................................................... 5
Terminologie ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Belang van het immuunsysteem ......................................................................................................................... 5
Hoe dringen pathogenen binnen? .................................................................................................................. 5
infectie-vormen: .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Fysiologisch belang van het immuunsysteem ................................................................................................. 6
Aangeboren en adaptieve (verworven) immuniteit ............................................................................................ 7
Aangeboren immuniteit .................................................................................................................................. 7
Adaptieve immuniteit ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Cellen van het immuunsysteem......................................................................................................................... 12
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Verloop van de hematopoëse ....................................................................................................................... 12
Overzicht witte bloedcellen (WBC) ............................................................................................................... 12
Focus op lymfocyten ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Normale bloedcellenaantallen bij de mens .................................................................................................. 15
Functionele indeling van cellen betrokken bij immuunrespons ................................................................... 15
Organen en weefsels van het immuunsysteem ................................................................................................. 16
Generatieve, centrale of primaire lymfatisch stelsel .................................................................................... 16
Perifere, secundaire lymfatisch stelsel.......................................................................................................... 16
Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Cutane immuunsysteem ............................................................................................................................... 18
Malt/ mucosale immuunsysteem ................................................................................................................. 19
Lymfocytenrecirculatie.................................................................................................................................. 20
Het immuunsysteem is verweven met het centraal zenuwstelsel ..................................................................... 21
Hoofdstuk 2: aangeboren immuniteit ............................................................................................................ 22
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Herkenning/ specificiteit: aangeboren immuunsysteem herkent patronen ...................................................... 22
Kenmerken van het aangeboren immuunantwoord..................................................................................... 22
Specificiteit .................................................................................................................................................... 22
Aantal microbiële moleculen die worden herkend ....................................................................................... 22
Receptoren .................................................................................................................................................... 22
Verdeling receptoren .................................................................................................................................... 23
Discriminatie van eigen en niet-eigen ........................................................................................................... 23
Componenten van de aangeboren afweer ........................................................................................................ 27
Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Barrières ........................................................................................................................................................ 27
Cellen van het aangeboren immuunsysteem................................................................................................ 29
Oplosbare componenten .............................................................................................................................. 35
Functies van de aangeboren immuunrespons ................................................................................................... 40
De acute inflammatoire respons ................................................................................................................... 40
Aangeboren afweer stimuleert de adaptieve immuunrespons .................................................................... 41
Aangeboren afweer werkt niet altijd, sommige micro-organismen ontwikkelen resistentiemechanismen ..... 41
1
, Ontsteking= inflammatie................................................................................................................................... 41
Definitie & kenmerken .................................................................................................................................. 41
Initiatie en verloop-overzicht ........................................................................................................................ 42
Verloop van een acute ontsteking ................................................................................................................ 42
Klinische kenmerken ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Chemische mediatoren ................................................................................................................................. 43
4 plasma-enzymen verantwoordelijk voor productie ontstekingsmediatoren ............................................. 43
Acute fase respons ........................................................................................................................................ 44
Effect van koorts op immuunsysteem .......................................................................................................... 44
SIRS, sepsis, septische shock .............................................................................................................................. 45
Hoofdsdtuk 3: Opname van antigenen en presentatie aan lymfocyten .......................................................... 46
Antigeenherkenning door T-lymfocyten ............................................................................................................ 46
MHC-moleculen ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Opname van eiwitantigenen door antigeen-presenterende cellen ................................................................... 46
Dendritische cellen ........................................................................................................................................ 46
Professionele APCs ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Structuur en functie van MHC-moleculen ......................................................................................................... 47
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Genetische organisatie .................................................................................................................................. 47
Structuur klasse 1 MHC-moleculen ............................................................................................................... 48
Structuur klasse 2 MHC-moleculen ............................................................................................................... 48
CD4 & CD8 interacties ................................................................................................................................... 48
Eigenschappen van MHC ............................................................................................................................... 49
Peptidebinding aan MHC-moleculen ................................................................................................................. 50
Verwerking (processing) van eiwitantigenen .................................................................................................... 51
Presentatie van endogene antigenen door klasse I MHC ............................................................................. 51
Presentatie van exogenen antigenen door klases II MHC ............................................................................. 52
Kruispresentatie ............................................................................................................................................ 53
Samengevat ................................................................................................................................................... 53
Immunodominantie ...................................................................................................................................... 54
Belang MHC typering in kliniek ..................................................................................................................... 54
Hoofdstuk 4: Antigeenherkenning in het adaptieve immuunsysteem ............................................................ 55
Antigeenreceptoren op lymfocyten ................................................................................................................... 55
Eigenschappen .............................................................................................................................................. 55
B-celreceptoren/ antilichamen op B-cellen .................................................................................................. 55
T-cel receptoren op de T cel .......................................................................................................................... 59
Kenmerken van antigeen herkenning via Ig & TCR ....................................................................................... 60
Ig & TCR als Ag bindende moleculen ............................................................................................................. 60
Ontwikkeling van B- & T-lymfocyten ................................................................................................................. 61
Rijping van lymfocyten .................................................................................................................................. 61
Productie van diverse antigeenreceptoren ................................................................................................... 62
Rijping & selectie van MHC-restrictes T-cellen ............................................................................................. 64
Hoofdstuk 5: Cel gemedieerde immuunresponsen ......................................................................................... 65
Introductie ......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Stappen in T-cel activatie .................................................................................................................................. 65
Antigeenherkenning en co-stimulatie ............................................................................................................... 66
Ligand-receptor paren in T-cel activatie ....................................................................................................... 66
Rol van adhesiemoleculen in T-cel activatie – regulatie integrine-aviditeit ................................................. 67
Rol van co-stimulatie in T-celactivatie .......................................................................................................... 67
2
, Activatie van CD8+ T-cellen ........................................................................................................................... 68
Biochemische pathways van T-celactivatie ....................................................................................................... 69
Functionele respons van T-cellen op antigeen & costimulatie .......................................................................... 69
Secretie van cytokinen & expressie van hun receptoren .............................................................................. 69
Clonale expansie ........................................................................................................................................... 70
Differentiatie van naïeve T-cellen naar effector cellen ................................................................................. 70
Ontstaan van geheugen T-cellen ................................................................................................................... 70
Migratie van T-lymofcyten in cel-gemedieerde reacties .............................................................................. 71
Afname van de immuunrespons ........................................................................................................................ 71
Polyklonale T-celactivatoren ............................................................................................................................. 71
hoofdstuk 6: Effectormechanismen van T-cel gemedieerde immunitiet ......................................................... 72
Types celgemedieerde immuniteit .................................................................................................................... 72
Ontwikkeling en functies van CD4+ effector T-lymfocyten................................................................................ 72
Eigenschappen van de belangrijkste cytokines, geproduceerd door CD4+ Helper T-lymfocyten................. 73
Types T-helpercellen ..................................................................................................................................... 73
Balans tussen Th1 & Th2 – activatie bepaalt uitkomst intracellulaire infecties ............................................ 75
Differentiatie en functies van CD8+ cytolytische T-cellen ................................................................................. 76
Mechanismen van doden van geïnfecteerde cellen ..................................................................................... 76
Samenwerking tussen CD4+ & CD8+ T-cellen in de eradicatie van intracellulaire infecties ......................... 76
Resistentie van pathogenen MO t.o.v. celgemedieerde immuniteit ................................................................. 76
T-cel activatie & uitputting ............................................................................................................................ 77
Tuberculose: illustratie van het belang van cellulaire immuniteit..................................................................... 77
Mantouxtest (tuberculin skin test, TST) ........................................................................................................ 77
Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) ...................................................................................................... 77
hoofdstuk 7: Humorale immuunresponsen .................................................................................................... 78
Fases & types humorale immuunantwoorden .................................................................................................. 78
Algemeen overzicht....................................................................................................................................... 78
Immunoglobuline isotype switch .................................................................................................................. 78
T-afhankelijk & T-onafhankelijke antilichaam antwoorden .......................................................................... 79
Primaire & secundaire immuunantwoorden ................................................................................................ 79
Stimulatie van B-cellen door antigeen .............................................................................................................. 80
Antigeen geïnduceerde signaaltransductie in B-cellen ................................................................................. 80
Belang van aangeboren immuun-signalen in B cel activatie ......................................................................... 80
Functionele consequenties van Ag gemedieerde B-celactivatie ................................................................... 81
Functies van Th-lymfocyten in de humorale immuunresponsen ....................................................................... 81
Activatie & migratie van helper T-cellen & B-cellen ..................................................................................... 81
Presentatie van antigenen door B-lymfocyten aan Th-cellen ....................................................................... 81
Mechanismen van Th-cel gemedieerde activatie van B-lymfocyten ............................................................ 82
Extrafolliculaire & kiemcentrum reacties ...................................................................................................... 82
Ig zware keten klasse (= isotype) switch ....................................................................................................... 82
Affiniteitsmaturatie in antilichaamresponsen .............................................................................................. 82
AL-responsen t.o.v. T-onafhankelijke ag & T-afhankelijke ag (eiwitten) ........................................................... 83
Regulatie van de humorale immuunantwoord: antilichaam feedback ............................................................. 83
hoofdsdtuk 8: Effectormechanismen van humorale immuniteit..................................................................... 84
Eigenschappen van antilichamen die hun effectorfuncties bepalen ................................................................. 84
Algemene effectorfuncties van antilichamen ............................................................................................... 84
3
, Neutralisatie van micro-organismen en microbiële toxinen ............................................................................. 85
Antilichaam gemedieerde opsonisatie & fagocytose van microbes .................................................................. 85
Antilichaam-afhankelijke cytotoxiciteit door NK-cel ......................................................................................... 86
IgE en het eosinofiel-gemedieerde doden van wormen .................................................................................... 86
Het complementsysteem ................................................................................................................................... 86
Vroege stappen in complementactivatie ...................................................................................................... 86
Late stappen van complementactivatie ........................................................................................................ 87
Functies van het complementsysteem ......................................................................................................... 88
Receptoren voor C3 fragmenten ................................................................................................................... 88
Regulatie complementsysteem ..................................................................................................................... 88
Klinische setting complement ....................................................................................................................... 88
Functies van antilichamen op specifieke anatomische plaatsen ....................................................................... 89
Resistentie van micro-organismen t.o.v. humorale immuniteit ........................................................................ 89
Vaccinaties ........................................................................................................................................................ 89
Types ............................................................................................................................................................. 89
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