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ECS1601 assignment 5 memo/answers semester 2 2023
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ECS160125/10/2023
Memorandum
Results (95%)
Question 1
The duties and responsibilities political parties have before, during, and after
elections.
A political party is a group that organizes candidates to run for office in a given
nation. Parties may support particular ideologies or political objectives, and it
is typical for party members to share similar political views.
-As contemporary party organizations evolved and spread throughout the
world over the past few centuries, political parties have grown to play a
significant role in the politics of practically every nation. Unpolitical parties are
relatively uncommon in a nation. While some nations only have one political
party, others have many. Both democracies and autocracies use parties in
their political systems, however democracies often have more political parties
than do autocracies. Political scientists who believe that competition between
two or more parties is an essential component of democracy believe that
autocracies frequently have a single party in power.
Parties can emerge from social divisions that already exist, such as those
between the poorer and upper classes, and by promoting cooperation among
their members, they simplify the political decision-making process. Political
parties typically consist of a party leader who is in charge of the party's
operations, party executives who have the power to choose the leader and
who handle administrative and organizational duties, and party members who
can lend a hand by volunteering, giving money to the party, and casting
ballots for its candidates. Political parties can be arranged and interact with
the electorate in a wide variety of ways. Political parties occasionally operate
in a way that benefits those who donate, and political donations are frequently
governed by law.
,Political parties are frequently driven by ideological objectives. Liberal,
conservative, and socialist parties frequently compete in democratic elections;
other prominent ideologies of very significant political parties include
communism, populism, nationalism, and Islamism. In order to associate
themselves with a specific ideology, political parties frequently adopt the same
colors and emblems across national boundaries. Many political parties, on the
other hand, may not have any ideological ties and instead focus largely on
patronage, clientelism, or the support of a single political entrepreneur.
Political office elections are held by collective organizations known as political
parties. A political party's members run in elections under the same banner. A
political party can be conceived of as only the collection of candidates who run
for office under the party's banner in a more limited sense. In a broader sense,
political parties are the entire system that helps elect a particular group of
candidates, including the supporters and volunteers who identify with a
particular party, the official party organizations that help elect those
candidates, and the party-affiliated lawmakers in the legislature.Many nations
have laws that define what constitutes a political party.
Political parties differ from other political organizations or clubs, such as
parliamentary groups, political factions, or advocacy groups, primarily by their
emphasis on selecting candidates, as opposed to that of parliamentary
groups, political factions, or advocacy groups, which are groups of political
parties.[5] This is connected to many characteristics that occasionally set
parties apart from other political groups, such as a larger membership, more
stability throughout time, and a closer bond with the people.
It has long been a practice for people to band together in significant factions
or groups to advance their common interests. The Republic of Plato[7] makes
reference to the political factions of Classical Athens, while the Politics of
Aristotle[8] addresses the propensity of various forms of administration to give
rise to factions.[8] Some disputes in antiquity were also factional, such as the
Nika riots in the Hippodrome of Constantinople between two chariot racing
groups. A few examples of historical political parties or factions include the
Populares and Optimates factions in the late Roman Republic as well as the
Orangists and the Staatsgezinde in the Dutch Republic. However, it is
generally believed that modern political parties first appeared in Europe and
the United States of America toward the end of the 18th century, The
Democratic Party of the United States and the Conservative Party of the
United Kingdom are sometimes referred to as the "oldest continuous political
, party" in the world, respectively. They are typically thought to have originated
in Europe and the United States of America.
Elections typically featured a much lower level of competition before the
emergence of mass political parties, had small enough polities to allow for
direct decision-making, and were dominated by individual networks or cliques
that could independently propel a candidate to victory in an election.
According to some academics, the Glorious Revolution and the Exclusion
Crisis led to the emergence of the first modern political parties in early modern
Britain in the 18th century. The conservative Tory faction (originally the
Royalist or Cavalier faction of the English Civil War) supported a strong
monarchy, whereas the Whig faction originally organized itself around support
for Protestant constitutional monarchy as opposed to absolute rule, and these
two groups structured disagreements in British politics throughout the 18th
century Due to their consistent party name and inspiring beliefs, the
Rockingham Whigs have been referred to as the first modern political party.
The First Party System was formed in the United States at the turn of the
century. Political controversies in the early 1790s over the scope of federal
government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties: the
Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. Despite the fact that
not all of the drafters of the United States Constitution in 1787 anticipated that
American political disputes would be primarily organized around political
parties.
19th century
Many nations had built reliable contemporary party structures by the early
19th century. On the grounds that earlier party systems were not entirely
stable or institutionalized, the Swedish party system has been said to as the
world's first party system.[9] Political parties in numerous European nations,
including Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France, were organized along
liberal-conservative or religious lines.The 1848 Revolutions in several parts of
Europe hastened the spread of the party system of politics.
During the Era of Good Feelings, political party power in the United States
declined, but by the second half of the 19th century, it had changed and was
once more strong.[19][20] By the turn of the century, political parties were
much more powerful in other nations as well. For instance, in Ireland at the
time, political leader Charles Stewart Parnell put in place a number of
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