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Samenvatting Ontwerpen van Interactieve Systemen (OIS)

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Nederlandse Samenvatting van alle colleges van OIS, Informatiekunde UU

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  • October 25, 2023
  • 46
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary
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OIS samenvatting

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College 1............................................................................................................................................1
College 2............................................................................................................................................4
College 3............................................................................................................................................7
College 4..........................................................................................................................................13
College 5..........................................................................................................................................18
College 6..........................................................................................................................................23
College 7..........................................................................................................................................26
College 8..........................................................................................................................................30
College 9..........................................................................................................................................34
College 10........................................................................................................................................37
College 11........................................................................................................................................43
College 1
Human factors:

1. Geheugen
2. Aandacht
3. Menselijke fouten
4. Informatieverwerking
5. Situated action
6. Distributed & embodied cognition
7. Perceptie

Geheugen en aandacht: herinneren, vergeten

Long term memory:

- Levels of Processing (LoP), Recall vs. Recognition

Vergeten: “Availability” en “Accessibility”

- Availability: is het er?
- Accessibility: kun je erbij?

Vergeten uit Working memory:

- Decay (het vervaagt), Displacement (vervanging)

Vergeten uit Long term memory:

- Decay, Interferentie, Retrieval failure (onjuiste cue)

Geheugen en aandacht: recognition vs. Recall

Externalization

- Representation with relevant feedback

, - Remembering certain task-related knowledge is unnecessary
- This relieves working memory (low cognitive load)

Internalization

- No support: Task-related information is unavailable on the interface
- It needs to be internalized (high cognitive load) and stored in memory
- Knowledge in memory of user is more solid and detailed (recall, not recognition)

Geheugen en aandacht: Aandacht

Selectieve aandacht

- Zaken missen

Verdeelde aandacht

- Bv. in multitasking



Geheugen en aandacht: Theorieën

- Bottleneck
- Capacity Allocation
- Automatic & controlled processing

Geheugen en aandacht: Bottleneck theorieën

Broadbent 1958

,vb. cognitief model

- componenten en interactie
- gebaseerd op experimenten

beperkingen

- maar één kanaal
- hoe verdeel je je aandacht?

Geheugen en aandacht: Capacity Allocation

- Aandacht is gelimiteerd, maar verdeelbaar over verschillende processen
- Capacity allocation model van Kahnemann (1973)
- Centrale begrip: ‘allocation policy’
- bepaald door
o enduring dispositions
o momentary intentions
o evaluation of demands on capacity
- beperking model
o hoe wordt op basis hiervan keuze gemaakt?

Geheugen en aandacht: Automatic & controlled processing

Schneider en Shifrin (1977) onderscheiden

- automatic processing
o standaardtaken
o vragen weinig capaciteit
- controlled processing
o onbekende en moeilijke taken
o vragen veel capaciteit
- moeilijke taak die je oefent kost steeds minder capaciteit

Geheugen en aandacht: Menselijke fouten

Slips: er gebeurt iets anders dan dat je gepland had

- Storage failure (bv. iets dubbel doen)
- Test failure (wat deed ik ook alweer)
- Subroutine failure (vergeet attachment)
- Discrimination failures (start word ipv. outlook)
- Programme assembly failures (save mail, delete attachment)

Cognitie & actie: Distributed Cognition

Traditionele cognitieve psychologie:

- kennis in het hoofd

Distributed cognition:

- kijk naar de wereld, denkprocessen vinden plaats in de interactie
o Met andere mensen

, o Met de fysieke (machine) omgeving
o Kennis in het hoofd EN kennis in de wereld

Cognition & action: Embodied cognition

- Lichaam integraal deel van alles
- Het lichaam beïnvloedt de geest
- Veel van ons denken is embodied
- Cognitieve processen zijn diep geworteld in lichamelijke interacties met de wereld



College 2
PACT

- Mensen gebruiken technologieën om activiteiten te verrichten in een omgeving
- People – Activities – Contexts – Technologies




PACT elementen

Mensen

- Fysieke verschillen
- Psychologische verschillen
- Mentale modellen
- Sociale verschillen
- Verschillen in attitude

Activiteiten

- Tijdsaspecten
- Samenwerken
- Complexiteit
- Veiligheid
- Aard van de content

Omgeving

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