Summary
Summary Heart Failure and Therapy (AB_1211)
- Course
- Institution
This document consists of a summary of the course Heart Failure and Therapy, corresponding to the Minor Biomedical Topics in Healthcare.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
danielleband
Reviews received
Content preview
Heart Failure and TherapyHeart Failure and therapy
(AB_1026) 2022 - 2023
,Heart Failure and Therapy (AB_1026) 2022-2023
Inhoud
1.0 Physiology of the cardiovascular system ............................................................... 3
1.1 Excitation-contraction coupling ............................................................................ 3
1.1.1 Pacemaker cells....................................................................................................... 3
1.1.2 Action potential cardiomyocytes (CMs) ...................................................... 4
1.1.3 Ca cycling in the heart ........................................................................................ 4
1.1.3 Conduction system ................................................................................................ 5
1.2 The cardiac cycle ............................................................................................................ 5
1.2.1 Pressure ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Volume ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.3 Cardiac output ......................................................................................................... 6
2.0 Diabetes, Obesity and vessel function ..................................................................... 7
2.1 Microvascular function .................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Myocardial ischemia ............................................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Acetylcholine............................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Diabetes and obesity ......................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Insulin and adipose tissue .................................................................................. 8
2.2.2 HFpEF ............................................................................................................................ 9
2.2.3 PVAT .............................................................................................................................. 9
3.0 Introduction to Heart Failure ......................................................................................... 10
3.1 Pressure volume diagram ......................................................................................... 10
3.2 Heart failure ................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Function of cardiomyocyte ...................................................................................... 13
4.0 Translational studies in cardiomyopathies.............................................................. 14
4.1 Study 1 What is the role of titin and diastolic Ca2+ in active force
development ................................................................................................................................ 14
4.2 Study 2 PKA’s favorite son: prioritizing phosphorylation of
phospholamban over cardiac troponin I contributes to diastolic
dysfunction in hypertrophics cardiomyopathy .......................................................... 15
4.3 Study 3 microtubule remodeling leads to diastolic impairment in
HCM 16
5.0 Gene regulation in the cardiovascular system ...................................................... 18
5.1 Part 1 .................................................................................................................................. 18
5.1.1 Transcription........................................................................................................... 18
5.1.2 Epigenetics ............................................................................................................... 19
1
,Heart Failure and Therapy (AB_1026) 2022-2023
5.1.3 Splicing ...................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.4 Take home message ............................................................................................ 21
5.2 Part 2 .................................................................................................................................. 22
5.2.1 MicroRNA .................................................................................................................. 22
5.2.2 Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA’s) ................................................................. 23
5.2.3 CircRNA...................................................................................................................... 24
5.2.4 Take home message ............................................................................................ 24
2
, Heart Failure and Therapy (AB_1026) 2022-2023
1.0 Physiology of the cardiovascular system
1.1 Excitation-contraction coupling
Function of the heart:
o Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs
o Pumping oxygenated blood to all the organs in the body
o Together with blood vessels: providing adequate perfusion of all organs and tissue of the body.
Contraction and relaxation determine cardiac output. Contraction of the heart following electrical
stimulation of cardiomyocytes. The heart can beat independent of hormonal or neuronal input.
Automation
• Spontaneous active
• Pacemaker cells
1.1.1 Pacemaker cells
Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are present in the SA node that spontaneously
fire to trigger each heartbeat.
The sodium (𝑁𝑎+ ) concentration and the calcium (𝐶𝑎2+ ) concentration on the outside of the
pacemaker cell in resting state is higher than on the inside of the cell. The potassium (𝐾 + )
concentration on the inside of the pacemaker cell in resting state is higher than on the outside of the
cell. To start an impulse the sodium channels open causing an influx of sodium. This causes a potential.
This lasts until the threshold (-40 mV) is has been reached. When this threshold has been reached, the
calcium channels open. This causes an influx of calcium. This lasts until a potential of +20 mV is reached.
To bring this potential down the potassium channels open and an afflux of potassium is created.
Heart rate determined by
o Resting membrane potential of SA node cells
o Velocity of depolarization: slope of the prepotential
Noradrenaline (NA) can be used to increase the potential faster and thereby increase the heart rate. It
does this by faster opening the sodium channels. This process is called sympathic stimulation.
Acethylcholine (Ach) can be used to increase the potential slower and thereby decrease the heart rate.
It does this by opening the potassium channels. This is parasympathic stimulation.
3
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller danielleband. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.70. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
73314 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now