Exam (elaborations)
WGU pathophysiology D236-Exam Questions with Verified Answers Graded A+
- Course
- Institution
WGU pathophysiology D236-Exam Questions with Verified Answers Graded A+
[Show more]
Content preview
WGU pathophysiology D236 -Exam Questions with Verified Answers Graded A+ What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema? - ANSWER Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing w ater out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries). Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations. On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would caus e water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema. How does the RAAS (Renin -Angiotensin -Aldosterone System) result in increased blood volume and increased blood pressure? - ANSWER A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin. Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme Angiotensin -converting en zyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP. Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while a lso increased potassium secretion in urine. How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - ANSWER Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms. This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System, and Carbonic Acid -Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the consequence of a pH imbalance - ANSWER Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby affecting its function as well Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory a lkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels). - ANSWER Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35 -7.45 PCO2: 35 -45 mm Hg PO2: 90 -100 mm Hg HCO3 -: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95 -100% Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = aci dosis and lower = alkalosis Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses. Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respirator y or metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature. -If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature. The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+) and measured anions (Cl- and HCO3 -), this calculation can be useful in determining the cause of metabolic acidosis. Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis? - ANSWER The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood. Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3 - (a measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in the AG. Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood (ie describe the pathogenesis of diabetes)? - ANSWER Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating t he uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to produce energy (ATP).
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Parie. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
62890 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now